Shvarts fonari silliq (egri) sirt maydonini ko'p yuzli maydonlarning chegarasi sifatida aniqlash qiyinligining patologik misolidir
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Shvarts fonari - Vikipediya
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Shvarts chiroqi Matematikada Shvarts fonari silliq (egri) sirt maydonini ko'p yuzli maydonlarning chegarasi sifatida aniqlash qiyinligining patologik misolidir . [1] U silindrga nuqta yoʻnalishi boʻyicha yaqinlashuvchi, lekin maydonlari silindr maydoniga yaqinlashmaydigan toʻgʻri aylana silindrga koʻp qirrali yaqinlashuvlar turkumidan iborat . Silindrsimon qog'oz chiroqqa o'xshashligi yoki Shvartsning botinkasi sifatida u Xitoy fonari sifatida ham tanilgan . "Shvars fonari" va "Shvars etik" nomlari matematik Hermann Shvartsdan . Har bir cho'qqidagi burchaklar yig'indisi ikkita tekis burchakka teng ( radyan). Natijada, Shvarts fonarini tekis qog'ozdan yig'ish mumkin. Bu buklangan sirt uchun burma naqsh , teng yon tomonli uchburchaklar tomonidan qog'oz tessellation , shuningdek, Yoshimura naqsh deb ataladi , [2] Y. Yoshimura eksenel siqilish ostida silindrsimon yuzalar Yoshimura burilish naqsh ustida ish keyin, qaysi bo'lishi mumkin. shakli bo'yicha Shvarts fonariga o'xshash. [3] Schwarz etik Berlin Germaniya texnologiya muzeyida namoyish etilmoqda. Shvarts tomonidan ko'rib chiqilgan diskret ko'p qirrali yaqinlashuvni ikkita parametr bilan tavsiflash mumkin: va . Tsilindr parallel tekisliklar bilan kesilgan doiralar. Ushbu doiralarning har biri o'z ichiga oladi Shvarts fonarining uchlari aylana bo'ylab teng masofada ( birlik doiralar uchun ) aylana masofada joylashgan. bir-biridan. Muhimi, cho'qqilar bosqichma- bosqich siljishi uchun joylashtirilgan har bir tilim bilan. [4] [5] From these vertices, the Schwarz lantern is defined as a polyhedral surface formed from isosceles triangles . Each triangle has as its base two consecutive vertices along one of the circular slices, and as its apex a vertex from an adjacent cycle. These triangles meet edge- to-edge to form a polyhedral manifold , topologically equivalent to the cylinder that is being approximated. As Schwarz showed, it is not sufficient to simply increase and if we wish for the surface area of the polyhedron to converge to the surface area of the curved surface. Depending on the relation of and the area of the lantern can converge to the area of the cylinder, to a limit arbitrarily larger than the area of the cylinder, to infinity or in other words to diverge. Thus, the Schwarz lantern demonstrates that simply connecting inscribed vertices is not enough to ensure surface area convergence. [4][5] In the work of Archimedes it already appears that the length of a circle can be approximated by the length of regular polyhedra inscribed or circumscribed in the circle. [6][7] In general, for smooth or rectifiable curves their length can be defined as the supremum of the lengths of Qurilish Ikki parametr o'rtasidagi turli munosabatlar uchun Shvarts fonarining yaqinlashishi (yoki yo'qligi) animatsiyasi Tarix va motivatsiya polygonal curves inscribed in them. The Schwarz lantern shows that surface area cannot be defined as the supremum of inscribed polyhedral surfaces. [8] Schwarz devised his construction in the late 19th century as a counterexample to the erroneous definition in J. A. Serret 's book Cours de calcul differentiel et integral, [9] which incorrectly states that: Soit une portion de surface courbe terminee par un contour ; nous nommerons aire de cette surface la limite vers laquelle tend l'aire d'une surface polyedrale inscrite formee de faces triangulaires et terminee par un contour polygonal ayant pour limite le contour . Il faut demontrer que la limite existe et qu'elle est independante de la loi suivant laquelle decroissent les faces de la surface polyedrale inscrite'. In English: Let a portion of curved surface be bounded by a contour ; we will define the area of this surface to be the limit tended towards by the area of an inscribed polyhedral surface formed from triangular faces and bounded by a polygonal contour whose limit is the contour . It must be shown that the limit exists and that it is independent of the law according to which the faces of the inscribed polyhedral surface shrink. Independently of Schwarz, Giuseppe Peano found the same counterexample. At the time, Peano was a student of Angelo Genocchi , who already knew about the difficulty on defining surface area from communication with Schwarz. Genocchi informed Charles Hermite , who had been using Serret's erroneous definition in his course. Hermite asked Schwarz for details, revised his course, and published the example in the second edition of his lecture notes (1883). The original note from Schwarz was not published until the second edition of his collected works in 1890. [10] Hududning chegaralari A straight circular cylinder of radius and height can be parametrized in Cartesian coordinates using the equations for and . The Schwarz lantern is a polyhedron with triangular faces inscribed in the cylinder. The vertices of the polyhedron correspond in the parametrization to the points and the points with and . All the faces are isosceles triangles congruent to each other. The base and the height of each of these triangles have lengths respectively. This gives a total surface area for the Schwarz lantern . Simplifying sines when . From this formula it follows that: 1. If for some constant , then when . This limit is the surface area of the cylinder in which the Schwarz lantern is inscribed. 2. If for some constant , then when . This limit depends on the value of and can be made equal to any number not smaller than the area of the cylinder . 3. If , then as . Runge's phenomenon , another example of failure of convergence 1. Download 195.71 Kb. 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