Solving ode-bvp through Galerkin’s Method fem: Introduction
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Solving ODE-BVP through Galerkin’s Method FEM: Introduction Suddhasheel Ghosh, PhD Department of Civil Engineering Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College N-6 CIDCO, 431003 Series on Advanced Numerical Methods shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 1 / 14
DiffEq1 Introduction to terminology Given a differential equation
d 2
2 , dy dx , y, x
= 0,
(1) and the initial conditions, F 1 dy dx , y, x = a = 0 F 2 dy dx , y, x = b = 0 So, given the points a and b, it is desired to find the solution of the differential equation using the Galerkin’s Method. shudh (JNEC) Concepts
MEStru2k1617 2 / 14 DiffEq1 A second-order Boundary Value Problem A boundary value problem is given as follows:
2
dx 2 + P(x) dx dy + Q(x)y = R(x) along with the conditions
(x = a) = A, y(x = b) = B shudh (JNEC) Concepts
MEStru2k1617 3 / 14 GM Concept of Linear Independence In Vector Algebra, n vectors, namely v 1 , v 2 , . . . , v n are linearly independent, when
X
=1
= 0 ⇐⇒ a i = 0, ∀ i = 1, . . . , n Linear independence means that no vector can be expressed as a linear combination of other vectors. This concept of linear independence is not only limited to vectors, but has also been extended to the area of functions and various algebraic polynomials. shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 4 / 14
GM Galerkin’s method I Formulation The Galerkin’s Method is a “weighted-residual” method. We will try to solve the following differential equation:
2
dx 2 + P(x) dy dx + Q(x)y = R(x) with the following boundary conditions y (x = a) = A and y(x = b) = B. Let us assume that the solution is in the form
= α 0 + α 1 x + α 2
2 + · · · + α n x n =
X
=0
i x i shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 5 / 14
GM Galerkin’s method II Formulation Differentiating the above form, with respect to x, we have: dy dx =
X
=0
α i x i −1 (2) d 2
dx 2 = n X
=0
(i − 1)α i x i −2 (3) Substituting, these into the differential equation we have: n X
=0
(i − 1)x
−2 + iP(x)x i −1 + Q(x)x i = R(x) (4) shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 6 / 14
GM Galerkin’s method III Formulation From the boundary conditions, we have n X
=0
= A, (5)
X
=0
= B (6) We work out the residual function as follows: R(x) = n X
=0
(i − 1)x
−2 + iP(x)x i −1 + Q(x)x i − R(x) (7) If there are n − 1 unknowns, then there should be n − 1 linearly independent polynomials chosen to be multiplied as weights to the shudh (JNEC) Concepts
MEStru2k1617 7 / 14 GM Galerkin’s method IV Formulation residual function. Therefore, for each j = 1, . . . , n − 1, we should have
− 1 equations Z
(x) R(x) dx = 0 (8) where N j (x) denotes the jth polynomial. These equations are solved using linear algebra to obtain the values of
,
= 0, . . . , n shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 8 / 14
GM Example I Galerkin’s Method
equation: d 2
dx 2 − y = x Use the boundary conditions y (x = 0) = 0 and y(x = 1) = 0. (Desai, Eldho, Shah)
equation is in the following form, where there are four unknowns: y = α 0 + α 1 x + α 2
2 + α 3 x 3 shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 9 / 14
GM Example II Galerkin’s Method From the boundary conditions given, we have α 0 + α 1 (0) + α 2 (0
) + α 3 (0 3 ) = 0
=⇒ α 0 = 0 α 0 + α 1 (1) + α 2 (1
) + α 3 (1 3 ) = 0 =⇒ α 1 + α 2 + α 3 = 0(or)α 3 = −(α 1 + α 2 ) We calculate the derivatives as follows: dy dx = α 1 + 2α 2 x + 3α 3
2
2
2 = 2α 2 + 6α 3
Substituting these into the differential equation, we have the following: α 1
+ α 2 (2 − x 2 ) + α 3 (6x − x 3 ) = x shudh (JNEC) Concepts
MEStru2k1617 10 / 14 GM Example III Galerkin’s Method Since
α 3 = −(α 1 + α 2 ), we will have −α 1
+ α 2 (2 − x 2 ) + (α 1 + α 2 )(x 3 − 6x) = x =⇒ α 1 (x 3 − 7x) + α 2 (x 3 − x 2 − 6x + 2) = x (9) We can therefore formulate R(x) = α 1 (x 3 − 7x) + α 2 (x 3 − x 2 − 6x + 2) − x (10) shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 11 / 14
GM Example IV Galerkin’s Method Since there are two unknown parameters here, we will consider two functions N 1 (x) = x − x 2 , and N 2 (x) = x 2 − x 3 , as weighting functions. Therefore, Z 1 0 N 1 (x)R(x)dx = 0 =⇒ −0.5500α 1 − 0.1833α 2 = 0.0833
Z 1 0 N 2 (x)R(x)dx = 0 =⇒ −0.3262α 1 − 0.1429α 2 = 0.0500
We will have this system −0.5500 −0.1833 −03262 −0.1429 α 1
2 = 0.0833
0.0500
(11) shudh (JNEC) Concepts
MEStru2k1617 12 / 14 GM Example V Galerkin’s Method Using this, the relations α 3 = −(α 1 + α 2 ), and α 0 = 0, we have α 0 = 0, α 1 = −0.1456, α 2 = −0.01743, α 3 = 0.1631
Therefore, we can say that for our differential equation, we have the following solution: y = −0.1456x − 0.01743x 2 + 0.1631x 3 shudh (JNEC) Concepts MEStru2k1617 13 / 14
GM Thank you! shudh (JNEC) Concepts
MEStru2k1617 14
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