Sp strains ekm417B and ekm420B from

ABSTRACT
Here, we announce the draft genome sequences of four endophytic bacilli isolated from surface-sterilized seeds of three cucurbit species, Bacillus sp. strains EKM417B and EKM420B (from Citrullus lanata [watermelon]) and EKM501B (from Cucurbita moschata [butternut squash]) and Paenibacillus sp. strain EKM301P (from Cucurbita pepo L. var. pepo L. [pumpkin]). These strains previously demonstrated biostimulant and biocontrol activities.

THE N, P AND K CONTENT IN PUMPKIN’S LEAVES IS INFLUENCED BY HERBICIDE STRESS AND BIOSTIMULANT APPLICATION Nesho NESHEV Agricultural University of Plovdiv, 12 Mendeleev Blvd, Plovdiv, Bulgaria Corresponding author email: [e-mail] Abstract The aim of the study conducted from 2017 to 2019 is to evaluate the influence of the herbicide stress caused by the herbicide imazamox and biostimulatory treatment (preventive and curative) to the leaf N, P, and K content of pumpkins before the flowering stage. In the trial, the pumpkin variety ‘Mathilda’ F1 was grown. The experiment included 12 treatments. Number 1 was untreated weed-free control. Treatment 2 was Pulsar® 40 (40 g/l imazamox) applied at a rate of 1.00 l ha-1 . The other treatments (from 3 to 7) represented the application of the mentioned herbicide in tank mixture with biostimulant. The treatments from 8 to 12 showed the performance of therapeutic biostimulant application 7 days after the herbicide spraying. The herbicide was applied in BBCH 12-13 of pumpkins. The biostimulant products evaluated were: Shigeki®; Amino Expert® Impuls; Lactofol® O; Aminozol®; Terra-Sorb® Complex. The highest leaf N content for the untreated control was found. No influence of the treatments on the P content in the leaves was observed. The treatments that received the highest herbicide stress had increased leaf K levels. Key words: herbicide stress, biostimulants, pumpkins, NPK in leaves INTRODUCTION Presence of weed infestation is one of the most limiting factors leading to rapid yield decrease. There is a large number of authors working on the weed control in the different crops (Yanev, 2020; Manilov and Zhalnov, 2018; Goranovska and Yanev, 2016; Kostadinova et al., 2016; Mitkov et al., 2016; Tityanov et al., 2016; Yanev, 2015; Yanev et al., 2014a; Týr and Vereš, 2012; Tonev et al., 2010a; Tonev et al., 2010b; Tonev et al., 2009a; Tonev et al., 2009b; Changsaluk et al., 2007; Masqood et al., 1999; Plew et al., 1994). In the fields of the late spring crops as pumpkins mainly late-spring weeds are developing. The most distributed broadleaf weed species are common amaranth (Amaranthus retroflehus L.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), fat-hen (Chenopodium album L.), wild hemp (Cannabis ruderalis L.), common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), creeping thistle (Cirsium arvense L.), etc. The most distributed grass weed species are yellow foxtail (Setaria spp.), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli L.), johnson grass (Sorghum halepense L. (Pers.)) (Tonev et al., 2007). The chemical control is one of the most commonly used weed control methods in crops. The proper herbicide choice is one of the most important and responsible parts of crop management. The proper herbicide must meet a number of requirements. It should be selective for the crop, highly effective against the weeds, its application rates should not lead to the accumulation of residues in plant production and in soil, it should not deteriorate the quality of production and it should be harmless to microorganisms in soil, as well as for the environment (Yanev et al., 2014b; Hristeva et al., 2014; Hristeva et al., 2015; Kalinova and Yanev, 2015; Semerdjieva et al., 2015; Yanev and Kalinova, 2020). Pumpkins are sensitive to herbicides and the chemical weed control is quite limited at that crop (Tonev et al., 2007). When herbicide detoxification is not effective enough, various functional impairments may occur. A selective herbicide destroys or retards the growth of weeds, while causing little or no injury to crop species (Carvalho et al., 2009). Herbicide phytotoxicity is most often chronic, but in some cases it can parish the crop. The extent of damage can be assessed visually (if visible) or by various physiological and biochemical indicators (Dayan et al., 2015; Scientific Papers. Series B, Horticulture. Vol. LXV, No. 1, 2021 Print ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, Online ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653 535 Dayan and Zaccaro, 2012). Ability to recover the herbicide-damaged plants depends on the degree of the occurred structural-functional impairment. A number of studies have shown that chronic herbicide phytotoxicity can be overcome (to some extent or completely) by application of biostimulants, foliar fertilizers, growth regulators, herbicide antidotes, etc. (Jablonkai, 2013). There are a great number of registered herbicides for grass weed control in pumpkins, but almost none for broadleaf weeds elimination. Тhe herbicide imazamox (that controls a wide spectrum of broadleaf as well as grass weeds) can be applied in pumpkins, but the application of the product Pulsar 40 (40 g/l imazamox) in rate of 1.00 l ha–1 caused visual phytotoxic symptoms to the pumpkins in the study. Also, the application of the herbicide imazamox with the biostimulant Amino Expert Impuls in tank mixture showed a protective effect to the plants (Neshev et al., 2020). There is limited information for the effect of the herbicide stress on the plant’s nutrient status. Zaidi et al. (2005) found that plant’s N content lowered with increasing the herbicide dose. The aim of the current research is to evaluate the influence of the herbicide stress caused by the herbicide imazamox and biostimulant treatment (preventive and medicative) to the leaf N, P, and K content of pumpkins before flowering stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was situated in the experimental field of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria. The trial was conducted by the randomized block design in 3 replications. Studied products and evaluations: Herbicide product: Pulsar® 40 (40 g/l imazamox). It is registered for Clearfield Technology at sunflower. This technology offers the farmers new and effective solution for weed control (Pfenning et al., 2008). Imazamox is applied as a spray when the sunflower plants are at 4-10 leaves stage (Kamburoglu et al., 2019). Products with biostimulant mode of action: - Shigeki® - Extract of algae (Ascophyllum nodosum) - 15%; Macronutrients: P2O5 - 7%; K2O - 10%; Microelements: Fe-EDTA - 0.25%; Mn-EDTA - 0.17%; Zn-EDTA - 0.20%; CuEDTA - 0.10%; B - 0.20%; Mo - 0.04%. - Amino Expert® Impuls - Amino acids - 5.00% (free amino acids - 4.43%); Macroelements: N - 2.53%; MgO - 0.50%; SO3 - 4.02%; Phytohormones - 0.0003%, Organic substances and natural adhesives: 73.96%; Microelements: В - 0.52; Cu - 0.39%; Fe - 0.38%; Mn - 0.38%; Mo - 0.08%; Zn - 0.78%. - Lactofol® O (Macroelements: N - 21% = NO3 - 7%, NH4 - 4% and amide - 10%); P2O5 –-5%; K2O - 10%; SO3 - 0.6%; Microelements: B - 0.02%; Cu - 0.014%; Fe - 0.025%; Mn - 0.018%; Mo - 0.002%; Zn - 0.01%. - Aminozol® - Macroelements: N - 9.4%; K2O - 1.1; S - 0.25%; Na - 1.28 %; 66.3% organic substances obtained from animal sub products 3rd category EG (VO) 1069/2009; protein hydrolysates. - Terra-Sorb® Complex - Macroelemets: N - 5.5%; MgO - 0.8%; Microelements: B - 1.5%; Fe - 1.0%; Mn - 0.1%; Zn - 0.1%: Mo - 0.001%; Free amino acids - 20%. The study included the following treatments: 1. Untreated weed free control; 2. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 ; 3. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Shigeki® 3.00 l ha-1 ; 4. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Amino Expert® Impuls 3.00 l ha-1 ; 5. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Lactofol® O 6.00 l ha-1 ; 6. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Aminozol® 3.00 l ha-1 ; 7. Pulsar® 40 100 ml da-1 + Terra-Sorb® Complex 3.00 l ha-1 ; 8. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Shigeki® 3.00 l ha-1 ; 9. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Amino Expert® Impuls 3.00 l ha-1 ; 10. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Lactofol® O 6.00 l ha-1 ; 11. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Aminozol® 3.00 l ha-1 ; 12. Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 + Terra-Sorb® Complex 3.00 l ha-1 . Variant 2 was treated with imazamox only in BBCH 12-13 and did not receive preventive or curative biostimulant application. At variants from 3 to 7 the treatment was accomplished in BBCH 12-13, but the plants 536 were sprayed with tank mixture of the herbicide and the different biostimulants – preventive approach. At variants from 8 to 12, firstly the application of Pulsar 40 was done in BBCH 12-13, and 7 days later (in BBCH 19-21), treatment with the different biostimuants was performed – therapeutic approach. The size of the spraying solution was 500 l ha-1 for all treatments. Predecessor of pumpkins in each year was maize. The performed tillage operations after predecessor’s harvesting were deep ploughing and two times harrowing before planting. The crop was planted as preliminary grown seedlings with planting distance 1 x 1.5 m (6670 plants ha-1 ). For control of annual and perennial grass weeds 3-5 leaf stage of the annual weed species and 10-20 cm of height of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.) application with Stratos® Ultra (100 g/l cycloxydim) in rate of 2.00 l ha-1 was done. The whole experimental area was fertilized with 250 kg ha-1 NPK 15:15:15 after predecessor’s harvest and tillage operations as well as 250 kg ha-1 NH4NO3 in spring before planting of the pumpkins. To determine the content of nutrient elements in the leaves before flowering stage of the pumpkins fully developed leaves of the crop were collected. The plant samples were dried at 60o C, weighted and milled. They were mineralized with concentrated H2SO4 using H2O2 as a catalyst. The total nitrogen content was determined according to Kjeldahl method by distillation in Parnas - Wagner apparatus (Tomov et al., 2009). Phosphorus was determined colorimetrically on spectrophotometer Camspec E105 (Tomov et al., 2009) and potassium - photometrically by flame photometer PFP-7 (Ivanov and Krastev, 2005). The visual herbicide phytotoxicity was determined by the 9-score scale of EWRS (European Weed Research Society) on the 7th day after the herbicide application as followed: 1. No damage/healthy plant; 2. Very slight symptoms, weak suppression; 3. Slight but clearly visible symptoms; 4. Severe symptoms (e.g. chlorosis) which do not lead to a negative effect on yield; 5. Thinning, severe chlorosis or suppression; yield reduction expected; 6. Severe damage up to complete destruction; 7. Severe damage up to complete destruction; 8. Severe damage up to complete destruction; 9. Severe damage up to complete destruction. Statistical analysis of collected data was performed by using Duncan’s multiple range test by the software SPSS 19. Statistical differences were considered proved at p< 0.05). The optimal N content in the leaves of pumpkins vary from 3.00 to 6.00 % (Hochmuth et al., 2004). With the highest and optimal nitrogen content in the leaves according to these authors was variant 1 (Untreated weed free control) – 3.49% average for the period. The N content for this variant was with proved difference with the other treatments according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05). With 3.27% N in the leaves were the plants of treatment 11 (Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 in BBCH 12-13 + Aminozol® 3.00 l ha-1 in BBCH 19- 21). At all treatments, the foliar N concentration is below 3.00% and is under the optimal nutritional levels. Average for the period of the study, the lowest N content in the leaves of treatments 2, 5 and 10 was recorded – 2.04, 2.16 and 1.97% respectively. Most likely, herbicidal stress leads to disturbances in nitrogen metabolism in pumpkins and plants experience nitrogen deficiency, which later may have a negative impact on plant development. The optimal phosphorus content in pumpkin leaves is from 0.30 to 0.50% (Silva and Uchida, 2000; Hochmuth et al., 2004). The plants of variant 5 (Pulsar® 40 + Lactofol® O in a tank mixture) had the lowest phosphorus content - 0.52% on average for the experimental period. The variants 2 (Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 ) and 10 (Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 in BBCH 12-13 + Lactofol® O in BBCH 19-21) had a content of 0.54 and 0.56% phosphorus in the leaves before flowering of the plants, respectively. Table 2. Phosphorus content in the pumpkin’s leaves in the beginning of flowering stage (BBCH 61), % Tr. 2017 2018 2019 Average 1 0,61 b 0,60 b 0,62 a 0,61 b 2 0,52 c 0,55 c 0,54 b 0,54 cd 3 0,60 b 0,63 ab 0,63 a 0,62 b 4 0,62 b 0,61 b 0,63 a 0,62 b 5 0,55 c 0,50 c 0,51 b 0,52 d 6 0,62 b 0,59 b 0,61 a 0,61 b 7 0,60 b 0,59 b 0,63 a 0,61 b 8 0,60 b 0,60 b 0,64 a 0,61 b 9 0,59 b 0,58 bc 0,52 b 0,56 c 10 0,53 c 0,55 c 0,59 ab 0,56 c 11 0,69 а 0,65 a 0,68 a 0,67 a 12 0,62 b 0,63 ab 0,66 a 0,64 ab Figures with different letters are with proved difference according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05). The pumpkin plants from variant 11 (Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 in BBCH 12-13 + Aminozol® 3.00 l ha-1 in BBCH 19-21) had the highest phosphorus content (0.67%) on average for the experimental period. The optimal potassium content in pumpkin leaves is from 2.30 to 4,00% according to Hochmuth et al. (2004) and from 3.00 to 5,00% according to Silva and Uchida (2000). The maintenance of optimum K nutrition status is very important for plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and from other hand this nutrient element is helping the plants to overcome the stress conditions (Wang et al. (2013; Nikolova M., 2010). The results for the content of potassium in the leaves of pumpkin plants at the beginning of flowering are presented on Table 3. Table 3. Potassium content in the pumpkin’s leaves in the beginning of flowering stage (BBCH 61), % Tr. 2017 2018 2019 Average 1 3,25 e 3,24 e 3,67 d 3,39 b 2 4,07 b 4,28 b 4,88 a 4,41 a 3 3,49 d 3,29 e 3,12 e 3,30 b 4 3,65 c 3,47 d 4,13 b 3,75 b 5 4,32 а 4,51 a 4,99 a 4,61 a 6 3,55 d 3,31 e 3,81 bc 3,56 b 7 3,29 e 3,44 d 3,94 b 3,56 b 8 3,59 c 3,66 c 3,80 bc 3,68 b 9 3,50 d 3,40 d 3,95 b 3,62 b 10 4,21 а 4,42 ab 4,80 a 4,48 a 11 3,46 d 3,65 c 4,01 b 3,71 b 12 3,14 e 3,33 e 3,54 d 3,34 b Figures with different letters are with proved difference according to Duncan’s multiple range test (p < 0.05). 538 On average for the study period, all plants had an optimal content of potassium in the leaves before flowering stage. In stressed plants from variants 2, 5 and 10 an increase in potassium levels in leaves was found - 4.41, 4.61 and 4.48%, respectively. Probably the plants of these variants absorb and accumulate higher quantities of this macronutrient in their leaves. This increased content is probably due to the high abiotic stress caused by the herbicide application and the inappropriate chose of foliar fertilizer for preventive and therapeutic treatment of the stressed plants, and potassium is the element helping the plants to overcome the conditions of stress (Nikolova M., 2010). CONCLUSIONS The application of the herbicide Pulsar 40 (40 g/l imazamox) in a rate of 1.00 l ha-1 caused temporary phytotoxic symptoms to the pumpkins on the 7th day after treatments. In time, the plants overcome the herbicide toxicity to some extent. The highest N content in the leaves before flowering were recorded for the untreated control. The highest P levels for the plants of the treatment with Pulsar® 40 1.00 l ha-1 in BBCH 12-13 + Aminozol® 3.00 l ha-1 in BBCH 19-21 were measured. Increasing levels of K for the treatments with highest symptoms of phytotoxicity were recorded. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research work was carried out with the support of Centre of Research, Technology Transfer and Protection of Intellectual Property Rights at the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria (Projects 08-17 and 17-12). REFERENCES Carvalho, S., Nicolai, M., Ferreira, R., Figueira, A., Christoffoleti, PJ. (2009). Herbicide selectivity by differential metabolism: consideration for reducing damages. Sci. Agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.), 66 (1), 136- 142. Changsaluk S., Pornprom T., Waramitr N., Suwanmakkha R., Pathom N., Lim-aroon S. (2007). Effect of weed densities of fresh corn yield. Proceedings of the 45th Kasetsart University, Annual. Conference, Bangok, Thailand, on CD. Chen, X., Chen, J., Zhang, F., Yang, S. (1998). Effectiveness of nitrogen and potash fertilizers on litchi. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences, 2, 27-29. Dayan, F., Owens, D., Corniani, N., Silva, F., Watson, S., Howell, J'L., Shaner, D. (2015). Biochemical Markers and Enzyme Assays for Herbicide Mode of Action and Resistance Studies. Weed Science, 63 (1), 23-63. Dayan, F., Zaccaro, M. (2012). Chlorophyll fluorescence as a marker for herbicide mechanisms of action. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 102, 189-197. Goranovska, S., Yanev, M. (2016). Economic Efficiency of Chemical Weed Control at Corn. Proceedings of National Scientific Conference with International Participation “Ecology and Health”, 82-85. Hochmuth, G., Maynard, D., Vavrina, C., Hanlon, E., Simonne, E. (2004). Plant Tissue Analysis and Interpretation for Vegetable Crops in Florida. This document is HS964, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension, 1-48. Hristeva Ts, Yanev, M., Kalinova, Sht., Bozukov, H. (2014). Comparative Analysis of Some Herbicides from Amide and Dinitroaniline Families on the Soil Microorganisms. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Special Issue, 2, 1447–1454. Hristeva Ts., Yanev M., Bozukov Hr., Kalinova, Sht., (2015). Condition of soil microbial communities when exposed to some chloroacetamide herbicides. BJAS, 21 (№ 4), 730-735. Ivanov, K., Krastev, S. (2005). Course of Instrumental Methods for Analysis. Academic publisher of Agricultural University Plovdiv, 69. (In Bulgarian) Kalinova, S., Yanev, M. (2015). Influence of soil herbicides on technological indicators of oriental tabacco. Agraren Universitet Plovdiv /Scientific Works of the Agrarian University-Plovdiv, 59(3), 65- 70. (In Bulgarian) Kamburoglu, U., Ozcan, C., Gurbuz, M., Ozer, S. (2019). Determination of Imazamox ((2-[4,5-dihydro4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1h-imidazol-2-yl]- 5-(methoxymethyl)-3 pyridine-carboxylic acid) Residue on Sunflower Plant Components. Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 20 (1), 177. Kostadinova, S., Kalinova, Sht., Yanev, M. (2016). Sunflower productivity in response to herbicide diflufenican (Pelican 50SC) and foliar fertilizing. Agriculture & Food, 4, 122-128. Manilov, T., Zhalnov, I. (2018). Weed control in ExpresSun® sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Proceedings of 53rd Croatian & 13th International Symposium on Agriculture, February 18 - 23, 2018, Vodice, Croatia, 304-308. Maqsood M., Akbar M., Yousaf N., Mahmood M., Ahmed S. (1999). Studies on weed–crop competition in maize. International Journal of Agriculture & Biology, 4, 270–272. Mitkov A., Yanev, M., Tonev, T., Tityanov, M. (2016). Weed control in sunflower fields by cleaffield technology. Agricultural sciences, VIII, (19), 167- 173. 539 Neshev, N., Balabanova-Ivanovska, D., Yanev M., Mitkov A., Tonev, T. (2020). Effect of Biostimulant Application in Tank Mixture with Imazamox on Common Pumpkins (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne ex Poir.). Journal of Environmental Protection and Ecology, 5, 1683-1690. ISSN 1311-5065. Pfenning, M., Palfay, G., Guillet, T. (2008). The CLEARFIELD® technology – A new broad-spectrum post-emergence weed control system for European sunflower growers. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, Special Issue XXI. ISSN 1861-4051. Plew, J., Hill, G., Dastgheib, F. (1994). Weed control in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). Proceedings Agronomy Society of N.Z, 24, 117-124. Semerdjieva I., Kalinova S., Yanev M., YankovaTsvetkova E., 2015. Anatomical changes in tobacco leaf after treatment with isoxaflutole. IJCRBP, Vol. 2, № 7, 51-56. Silva, J., Uchida, R. (2000). Recommended Plant Tissue Nutrient Levels for Some Vegetable, Fruit, and Ornamental Foliage and Flowering Plants in Hawaii. Plant Nutrient Management in Hawaii’s Soils, Approaches for Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 57 – 65. Soltani, N., Shropshire, C., Sikkema, P. (2012). Urea Ammonium Nitrate as the Carrier for Herbicides in Winter Wheat. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 3, 417, Tityanov, M., Mitkov, A., Yanev, M., Rankova, Z., (2016). Ergon WG – a new opportunity for an efficient chemical control of bl weeds in wheat. Agricultural sciences,VIII (19), 89-94. Tomov, T., Rachovski, G., Kostadinova, S., Manolov, I. (2009). Handbook of Agrochemistry. Academic publisher of Agricultural University - Plovdiv, 109. (In Bulgarian). Tonev, T., Dimitrova, M., Kalinova, Sht., Zhalnov, I., Spasov, V. (2007). Herbology. Academic publisher of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv. 227 pages. (Textbook in Bulgarian). Tonev, T., Mitkov, A., Dochev, Ch., Tityanov, М., (2009a). Possibilities of SU technology for effective control of the weeds in sunflower. Crop Sciences, 2, 161-166. Tonev, T., Mitkov, A., Tityanov, М. (2009b). Possibilities for effective chemical control of the weeds at sweet corn. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium “Ecological Approach in the Production of Safe foods”, 229-236. Tonev, T., Tityanov, М., Mitkov, A. (2010a). Integrated weed control in maize. Scientific Works of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 2, 133- 138. Tonev, T., Tityanov, М., Mitkov, A. (2010b). Integrated weed control in sunflower. Scientific Works of the Agricultural University of Plovdiv, Bulgaria, 2, 127- 132. Nikolova, M. (2010). Potasium – nutritional element for yield and quality. IPI Research Topics No. 18, Second revised edition. Týr Š., Vereš T. (2012). Top 10 of most dangerous weed species in maize stands in the Slovak republic in the years 2000-2010. Research Journal of Agricultural Science, 44 (2), 104-107. Wang, M., Zheng, Q., Shen, Q., Guo, S. (2013). The Critical Role of Potassium in Plant Stress Response. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14, 7370-7390. doi:10.3390/ijms14047370 Yanev M., Kalinova Sht., 2020. Influence of glyphosate on leaf gas exchange and photosynthetic pigments of broomrape-infested tobacco plants. BJAS, 26 (№2), 435-440. Yanev, M. (2015). Study of Weed Infestation in Tоbacco Fields in Some Regions of Sough Bulgaria. Plant Science, LII (3), 90-95. (In Bulgarian) Yanev, M. (2020). Weed Control in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.). Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, LXIII,(1), 622-631. Yanev, M., Bozukov, H., Kalinova, Sht. (2014a). Distribution of Orobanche ramosa L. and Orobanche mutelii Sch. in the Main Tobacco Producing Regions of Bulgaria. Plant Science, LI (1), 114–117. (In Bulgarian) Yanev, M., Kalinova, Sht., Bozukov, H., Tahsin, N. (2014b). Technological Indexes of Oriental Tobacco Treated with Glyphosate for the Control of Broomrape. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, Special Issue, 1, 1025–1029. Zaidi, A., Khan, Md., Rizvi, P. (2005). Effect of herbicides on growth, nodulation and nitrogen content of greengram. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 25 (4), 497-504

QOVVAK BARAGIDAGI N, P VA K MAZMUNIGA TA'SIR BO'LGAN

HERBITSİDLARNING Stress va biostimulyatorni qo'llash
Nesho NESHEV
Plovdiv qishloq xo'jaligi universiteti, Mendeleev bulvari 12, Plovdiv, Bolgariya
Muallifning tegishli elektron pochta manzili: [e-mail]
Abstrakt
2017 yildan 2019 yilgacha o'tkazilgan tadqiqotning maqsadi gerbitsid stressining ta'sirini baholashdan iborat.
imazamoks gerbitsidi va qovoq barglaridagi N, P va K tarkibiga biostimulyatorli davolash (profilaktik va davolash)
gullash bosqichidan oldin. Sinovda "Mathilda" F1 qovoq navi yetishtirildi. Tajriba 12 tani o'z ichiga oldi
muolajalar. 1-raqam begona o'tlarsiz ishlov berilmagan nazorat edi. Davolash 2 pulsar® 40 (40 g/l imazamoks) tezlikda qo'llanildi.
1,00 l ga-1
. Boshqa muolajalar (3 dan 7 gacha) ko'rsatilgan gerbitsidni tank aralashmasida qo'llashni ifodalaydi
biostimulyator bilan. 8 dan 12 gacha bo'lgan muolajalar terapevtik biostimulyatorni 7 kun davomida qo'llash samaradorligini ko'rsatdi.
gerbitsid purkalgandan keyin. Gerbitsid qovoqlarning BBCH 12-13 da qo'llanilgan. Biostimulyatorli mahsulotlar
baholandi: Shigeki®; Amino Expert® Impuls; Laktofol® O; Aminozol®; Terra-Sorb® kompleksi. Eng baland barg N
ishlov berilmagan nazorat uchun tarkib topildi. Davolashning barglardagi P tarkibiga ta'siri kuzatilmadi.
Eng yuqori gerbitsid stressini olgan muolajalar barglardagi K darajasini oshirdi.
Kalit so'zlar: gerbitsid stressi, biostimulyatorlar, qovoq, barglardagi NPK
KIRISH
Yovvoyi o'tlar bilan zararlanishning mavjudligi eng ko'p uchraydigan holatlardan biridir
hosilning tez pasayishiga olib keladigan cheklovchi omillar.
Ko'plab mualliflar ustida ishlamoqda
turli ekinlarda begona o'tlarga qarshi kurash (Yanev,
2020; Manilov va Jalnov, 2018; Goranovska
va Yanev, 2016; Kostadinova va boshqalar, 2016;
Mitkov va boshqalar, 2016; Tityanov va boshqalar, 2016;
Yanev, 2015 yil; Yanev va boshqalar, 2014a; Tyr va
Vereš, 2012; Tonev va boshqalar, 2010a; Tonev va boshqalar,
2010b; Tonev va boshqalar, 2009a; Tonev va boshqalar,
2009b; Changsaluk va boshqalar, 2007; Masqud va boshqalar,
1999; Plew va boshqalar, 1994). Kechki dalalarda
qovoq kabi bahorgi ekinlar asosan kech bahorda
begona o'tlar rivojlanmoqda.
Keng bargli begona o'tlarning eng keng tarqalgan turlari
oddiy amaranth (Amaranthus retroflehus
L.), yovvoyi xantal (Sinapis arvensis L.), semiz tovuq
(Chenopodium albomi L.), yovvoyi kanop
(Cannabis ruderalis L.), oddiy koklebur
(Xantium strumarium L.), sudraluvchi qushqo'nmas
(Cirsium arvense L.) va boshqalar.
Eng ko'p tarqalgan begona o't turlari
sariq tulki dumi (Setaria spp.), hovli oʻti
(Echinochloa crus-galli L.), Jonson o'ti
(Sorghum halepense L. (Pers.)) (Tonev va boshqalar,
2007).
Kimyoviy nazorat eng muhimlaridan biridir
ekinlarda begona o'tlarga qarshi kurashning keng tarqalgan usullari.
To'g'ri gerbitsid tanlash eng ko'plaridan biridir
hosilning muhim va mas'uliyatli qismlari
boshqaruv. Tegishli gerbitsid a javob berishi kerak
talablar soni. Bu selektiv bo'lishi kerak
ekin uchun, begona o'tlarga qarshi yuqori samarali,
uni qo'llash stavkalari olib kelmasligi kerak
o'simlik ishlab chiqarishida qoldiqlarning to'planishi
tuproqda esa sifatini yomonlashtirmasligi kerak
ishlab chiqarish va u uchun zararsiz bo'lishi kerak
tuproqdagi mikroorganizmlar uchun, shuningdek
atrof-muhit (Yanev va boshq., 2014b; Xristeva va boshqalar
al., 2014; Xristeva va boshqalar, 2015; Kalinova va
Yanev, 2015 yil; Semerdjieva va boshqalar, 2015; Yanev
va Kalinova, 2020). Qovoqlar sezgir
gerbitsidlar va kimyoviy begona o'tlarga qarshi kurashdir
bu hosilda juda cheklangan (Tonev va boshq., 2007).
Gerbitsid detoksifikatsiyasi samarali bo'lmaganda
etarli, turli funktsional buzilishlar bo'lishi mumkin
yuzaga keladi. Selektiv gerbitsid yo'q qiladi yoki kechiktiradi
begona o'tlarning o'sishi, kam yoki yo'q sabab bo'lsa
ekin turlarining shikastlanishi (Carvalho va boshq., 2009).
Gerbitsidlarning fitotoksisitesi ko'pincha surunkali,
lekin ba'zi hollarda u hosilni parish qilishi mumkin. The
Zarar darajasini vizual tarzda baholash mumkin (agar
ko'rinadigan) yoki turli fiziologik va tomonidan
biokimyoviy ko'rsatkichlar (Dayan va boshqalar, 2015;
Ilmiy maqolalar. B seriyasi, bog'dorchilik. jild. LXV, № 1, 2021 yil
ISSN 2285-5653, CD-ROM ISSN 2285-5661, onlayn ISSN 2286-1580, ISSN-L 2285-5653 chop etish
535
Dayan va Zakkaro, 2012). Qayta tiklash qobiliyati
gerbitsid bilan zararlangan o'simliklarga bog'liq
yuzaga kelgan strukturaviy-funktsionallik darajasi
buzilish. Bir qator tadqiqotlar ko'rsatdi
surunkali gerbitsid fitotoksisitesi bo'lishi mumkin
tomonidan yengish (ma'lum darajada yoki to'liq).
biostimulyatorlarni, bargli o'g'itlarni qo'llash,
o'sish regulyatorlari, gerbitsidlarga qarshi antidotlar va boshqalar.
(Jablonkai, 2013).
Ro'yxatdan o'tganlar soni juda ko'p
qovoqlarda begona o'tlarni nazorat qilish uchun gerbitsidlar,
lekin keng bargli begona o'tlar uchun deyarli yo'q
bartaraf etish.
Imazamoks gerbitsidi (keng
keng bargli va begona o'tlar spektri)
qovoqlarda qo'llanilishi mumkin, lekin dastur
mahsulotning Pulsar 40 (40 g/l imazamox) in
1,00 l ga-1 tezligi vizual fitotoksiklikka olib keldi
tadqiqotda qovoqlarga alomatlar. Shuningdek,
bilan imazamoks gerbitsidini qo'llash
tankdagi Amino Expert Impuls biostimulyatori
aralashmasi o'simliklar uchun himoya ta'sirini ko'rsatdi
(Neshev va boshq., 2020).
ning ta'siri haqida cheklangan ma'lumotlar mavjud
gerbitsid ko'chasi
Bu manba matni haqida batafsilQoʻshimcha axborot olish uchun manba matnini kiriting
Fikr-mulohaza
Yon panellar
Tarix
Saqlab olingan
Hissalar
Maksimal belgilar cheklovi: 5 000. Tarjima qilishda davom etish uchun strelkalardan foydalaning.