Spatial Monitoring of Urban Expansion Using Satellite Remote Sensing Images: a case Study of Amman City, Jordan


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Figure 10. The spatial development of Amman’s urban area between 1987 and 2017. 
Another significant change is the continuing decline in the vegetation class in the studied area 
(Figure 11). In 1987, the vegetation class occupied 35.22 km
2
, which decreased to 16.40 km
2
by 2017, 
signifying a decrease of 18.82 km
2
; this represents a decrease of 53.54% (Table 2). Similarly, the 
exposed rocks class and exposed soils class declined between 1987 and 2017 by about 24 km
2
and 
about 48 km
2
, respectively (Figure 11). 
1987
1997
2007
2017
147.08 195.98 214.94 237.86
0
50
100
150
200
250
Square 
Km
Year
Urban Class
1987
1997
2007
2017
35.22
28.25
23.71
16.4
0
10
20
30
40
Square
Km
Year
Vegetation Class
1987
1997
2007
2017
54.33 45.85 37.41 30.34
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Square 
Km
Year
Exposed Rocks
1987
1997
2007
2017
521.94 488.48 482.50 473.96
440
460
480
500
520
540
Square
Km
Year
Exposed Soils
Figure 10.
The spatial development of Amman’s urban area between 1987 and 2017.
During the second decade of the study period (1997–2007), the invasion of Iraq in 2003 led
to another population flux into Jordan, and as a result, the concentration of people in urban areas
increased. The urban area class increased by 18.96 km
2
, from 195.98 km
2
in 1997 to 214.94 in 2007
(Figures
7
and
8
).
Although Jordan received hundreds of thousands of Syrian refugees between 2011 and 2017,
during the last decade of the study period (2007–2017), urban expansion accelerated at a stabilized
development rate. Urban expansion occurred at approximately the rate of the previous period
(1997–2007), which indicated a steady growth rate after 1997; this was because most of Syrian refugees
were settled inside camps near to the Syrian border. In quantitative terms, the urban area class increased
by 22.92 km
2
, from 214.94 km
2
in 2007 to 237.86 km
2
in 2017 (Table
2
), thus representing an increase
of about 3% of the total area. Urban expansion and changes of land use
/cover in the northwestern,
southwestern, and southeastern parts of Amman, where many housing settlements were established
in these areas between 1997 and 2017 (Figures
8
and
9
), were particularly noteworthy. Figure
10
shows
the spatial development of the urban expansion of Amman between 1987 and 2017.
Another significant change is the continuing decline in the vegetation class in the studied area
(Figure
11
). In 1987, the vegetation class occupied 35.22 km
2
, which decreased to 16.40 km
2
by 2017,
signifying a decrease of 18.82 km
2
; this represents a decrease of 53.54% (Table
2
). Similarly, the exposed
rocks class and exposed soils class declined between 1987 and 2017 by about 24 km
2
and about 48 km
2
,
respectively (Figure
11
).


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