Strategic Management in Turkey’s Public Sector: Reforms and Application Issues
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- Article in Public Organization Review · December 2020 DOI: 10.1007/s11115-020-00463-8 CITATIONS 18 READS 1,566 3 authors
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338943672 Strategic Management in Turkey’s Public Sector: Reforms and Application Issues Article in Public Organization Review · December 2020 DOI: 10.1007/s11115-020-00463-8 CITATIONS 18 READS 1,566 3 authors: Güldenur Aydın Pamukkale University 9 PUBLICATIONS 37 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Israel Nyaburi Nyadera Egerton University 93 PUBLICATIONS 555 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Murat Onder Bogazici University 86 PUBLICATIONS 588 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Güldenur Aydın on 31 January 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Strategic Management in Turkey ’s Public Sector: Reforms and Application Issues Güldenur Aydın 1 & Israel Nyaburi Nyadera 2 & Murat Önder 2 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020 Abstract Over the last five decades, several reforms have been undertaken in Turkey ’s Public sector with the goal of achieving efficiency in service delivery. While existing studies have focused on the nature of these reforms, little attention has been drawn to the challenges facing the implementation of strategic management in the public sector. This study seeks to examine the experiences Turkey is facing in the adoption and imple- mentation of strategic management reforms, the challenges as well as application issues that have emerged over the years. The findings help to identify some policy recom- mendations that Turkey and other developing countries can adopt to overcome chal- lenges in strategic management reforms and applications. Keywords Strategic management . Strategic planning . Turkey ’s public administration . Strategic management application issues Introduction Public administration has been undergoing changes in theory and practice for centuries. New changes and dynamics at the local and international levels are forcing practitioners and scholars to develop alternative ways to respond to public needs (Farazmand, 1999 ). Public Organization Review https://doi.org/10.1007/s11115-020-00463-8 * Israel Nyaburi Nyadera inyadera@gmail.com Güldenur Ayd ın gulaydin90@gmail.com Murat Önder muratondere@gmail.com 1 Department of Political Science & Public Administration, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey 2 Department of Political Science & Public Administration, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey One of the concepts gaining significant prominence is the adoption of strategic management in public services. The proponents have continued to encourage govern- ments to adopt this approach while some scholars have encouraged further studies (Hansen and Ferlie, 2014 ; Elbanna et al., 2016 ; Ferlie & Ongaro 2015 ; George & Desmidt 2018 ; Lane & Wallis 2009 ; George et al., 2016 , 2017 ; Andrews & Van de Walle 2012 ; Lane 2008 ; Johnsen 2016 ; Poister 2010 ; Boyne & Walker 2010 ; Walker et al. 2010 ; Özgür, 2004 ). Equally, changes in economic, financial, social, political, and technological spheres are among the leading causes of a continuous search for im- provements in public administration. Practitioners and academicians seek to provide solutions and create frameworks by blending previous experiences and theoretical knowledge to adapt to the new demands and needs of public organizations. As such, history demonstrates that movements for reform are continuously seeking for an ideal system of government that can provide affordable, accountable, responsible and cost-effective services in an efficient and effective manner (Kearney, 2018 ). The reform movements since the 1950s consisted of approaches generally borrowed from the private sector (Bryson & Roering, 1987 : 9; Berry, 1994 : 322). Nonetheless, the adoption of strategic management strategies as part of the reform process has produced mixed results. This paper strives to answer the research question of “What accounts for the success or failure of strategic plans ” and has selected Turkey’s Public Administra- tion as a case study. The qualitative methodology was adopted and data was collected through face-to-face, semi-structured surveys / in-depth interviews with eleven (11) senior members of executives who are actively engaged in the strategic planning and implementation process in the country. Success factors were analyzed from the per- spective of executives who directly participated in strategic planning and implementation. Historically, strategic planning processes were first introduced in the private sector by the early 1960s (Önder & Nyadera, 2019 ). It refers to the adoption of strategies, approaches, and tools that focus on enabling organizations to use opportunities in the external environment to counter threats and indirectly improve their competitive status (Erkan, 2008 ). Although strategic management was initially considered as an approach used in the private sector, it has steadily found a significant area of practice and success after long-term applicability in the public sector (Önder, 2010a ). Strategic management is constantly on the agenda for both academicians and public administration practi- tioners who endeavor to formulate and apply policies and programs that meet the current needs of the societies (Eadie, 1983 : 447 –9; Mabogunje, 2015 ). A key aspect of strategic management is strategic planning which allows practitioners to determine short, medium- and long-term activities in their jurisdictions. The development processes from classic planning to strategic management approaches in Turkey can be evaluated in five main phases: 1930s industrial planning; 1950s unplanned development, 1960 –1980 planned development, 1990 –2003 company-oriented strategic planning and three-year preliminary nation- al development planning (Üstüner & Yavuz, 2018 ; Sezen, 2011 : 323 –6; Ekiz and Somel, 2005 : 2 –14), and after 2004 reforms. With the adoption of Law No. 5018 in December 2003 on Public Financial Management and Control (PFMC), and the related legislation, the legal infrastructure of strategic management and planning in Turkey ’s public administration sector was established (Kahveci et al., 2012 : 136 – 40; Sözen, 2012 ). Since then, these legal arrangements, compliance with strategic Ayd ın G. et al. planning regulations, performance-based budgeting, internal control, and reporting activities became mandatory to all organizations in the Turkey ’s public administra- tion (Sezen, 2011 ). All public institutions are obliged by law to prepare strategic plans for administrative and decision -making purposes. However, over the years, it has become apparent that the legislation introduced for strategic planning has not brought the expected benefits. This paper identifies the causes of these challenges as being a result of weak application and implementation, designing low-quality plans especially by small public organizations, lack of proper internalization of strategic planning concepts and philosophy especially within the local government authorities, political interference and inadequate measures of analysis, monitoring and evaluating the progress. Existing literature on the topic largely focus on strategic management in the private sector, especially among companies, some examine single components of strategic management such as accounting, leadership, balanced -scorecard (Wright & McMahan, 1992 : 256 –8; Höglund, 2015 ; Teece et al., 1997 : 510 –13; Covin, & Slevin, 1989 : 77 –9; Kaplan, & Norton, 1996 , Ayd ın, 2018 ). Comparatively, few studies have focused on strategic management in public administration (Hsu et al., 2007 ; Marin, 2016 ; Hintea, & Mora, 2000 ; Lee and Choi, 2003 ; Al Ahbabi et al., 2019 ; Henttonen, Kianto, & Ritala, 2016 ; Du et al., 2007 ) majority of which examine specific aspects of strategic management such as performance and knowledge management. Noteworthy, the use of case studies in conducting research on public administration remains crucial since the experiences of one country can provide valuable lessons to other countries using or intending to adopt similar approaches. Turkey is a unique case to examine as it is a country that can be considered to be under transition in public administration reforms. The country has made great progress in some areas while some sectors of reforms still need to be addressed. Such an experience can be of interest to developing countries that are seeking to achieve effective administration but are still facing many challenges. To provide an in-depth presentation of the conceptual and theoretical back- ground of this research, the literature on classical planning, strategic planning, and strategic management has been examined and briefly presented. Similarly, some of the challenge of the strategic management application in public administration have been summarized. Of importance, the paper examines some of the key legal and legislative frameworks related to strategic planning as well as regulations that provide the basis for strategic management practice in Turkey ’s public adminis- tration. By examining why strategic management reforms and applications in the public sector have had mixed results in Turkey, the paper offers a number of recommendations that can benefit both Turkey and other countries facing similar challenges. The data collected from interviewing senior government officials involved in the preparation and implementation of strategic management plans in Turkey provides a critical insider perspective of the success and challenges they face. These perspectives will be the basis of this paper ’s recommendations. Noteworthy, giving practitioners an academic platform to express their observa- tions and experiences is an important contribution to the field of public adminis- tration which has been characterized by a wide gap between its practitioners and academicians in the past. Finally, the suggestions of the Strategy Development Directorates (SDD) to solve the problems were compiled and evaluated. Strategic Management in Turkey ’s Public Sector: Reforms and... Strategic Management: Conceptual Framework Strategic management as a practice is not new, however serious theorizing and appli- cation especially within the public sector can be traced a few decades ago (Weiss 2016 ; Hoskisson, et al., 1999 :417; Hansen, 2011 ). The significance of Strategic management in an organization is best highlighted in the early works of Chandler ( 1962 ) and Ansoff ( 1965 ). While observing how new administrative structures were being developed to accommodate growth and how strategic change results to structural change, Chandler concludes that strategic management is “the determination of the basic long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out the goals ” (1962:13–15). Despite several other definitions having been developed over the years (Berry 2001 ; Hughes 2003 ), there are number of inconsistencies for example on the factors that influence outcomes and decision making. Strategic management is also at times associated or used interchangeably with strategic planning (Barzelay & Jacobsen, 2009 ). For clarity, strategic management emphasizes on generating strategic results while strategic planning focuses on making and implementing the most optimal and best strategic decisions. The strategic results of strategic management are new products, technology, and markets. In this context, strategic management is comparatively more inclusive than strategic planning (Çevik, 2007 : 226). Noteworthy, strategic planning gives an important foundation to strategic management but only a basic planning process within strategic management (Çoban, 1997 : 48). This study relies on the works of Bozeman and Straussman ( 1990 ) which identify three prerequisites for strategic management. These include; & Having well-defined objectives and goals, & Having an elaborate action plan that provides a mediation platform between an institution and its environment, & Having a well-designed and effective implementation plan. These three elements provide a basis for measuring whether an organization or a state is successfully implementing its strategic management plans. The rationale for adopting strategic management by governments has been the desire to effectively and efficiently use public resources to maximize the delivery of public goods. Mintzberg ( 1994 ) observes that while in theory, strategic management promises to transform operations within an orga- nization or a state, the process can be characterized by instances where implementation is sometimes achieved as it was intended, not achieved at all or sometimes achieved along the way. Similarly, Plant ( 2009 ) and Poister ( 2010 ) observe that for strategic management to succeed in the public sector, elaborate monitoring and evaluation plans must be in place. This paper thus gives emphasis on the level of success in formulating, implementing and monitoring strategic management goals in Turkey ’s Public Administration. The “Strategic Planning Guide for Turkey’s Public Administration,” is an important legislation that lays the basis for the adoption of strategic plans in Turkey. It requires that all public organizations determine in advance their targets/goals, objectives, and methods achieve them (Turkey ’s Ministry of Finance, 2006). The fundamental concern of strategic management is with the holistic approach to organizations, their characters, processes, decisions about the present and future. Conceptually, strategic management Ayd ın G. et al. determines the purpose of an organization, provides a framework for human resources related decisions, financial planning, and management, leadership, customer/citizen, resources, products, systems, risk, position, time and competition (Morden, 2007 ). Strategic management requires a comprehensive analysis of an organization ’s strengths and weaknesses internally and externally before making a strategic plan and implementing it (Eren, 2005 : 15; Dinçer, 1998 :167 –9). Turkey ’s public sector reforms have followed continued global trends and practices which transformed from the phase of financial planning in the 1950s to long-term planning orientation witnessed in the early 1960s (Önder & Nyadera, 2019 ). This was later followed by strategic planning in the 1970s and lastly to strategic management in 1980s (Furrer et al., 2008 : 4 –13). The Adoption of strategic management practices is highly associated with the aftermath of the 1980 global economic crisis and concerns over efficiency within the public sector (Modell et al. 2007 ). Although Turkey followed the global trends in adopting public sector reforms, the country was only able to fully transition to strategic planning in the early 2000s (Leblebici and Erkul, 2008 ), and strategic management after 2004s. Strategic Management Reforms in Turkey: The Regulations Strategic management reforms in Turkey begun with the enactment of a number of laws, secondary, and third-level regulations. Clear frameworks are provided by the following laws and regulations (Tables 1 and 2 ); Table 1 Outline of relevant laws and regulations adopted in –line with strategic management reforms Laws Secondary Regulations Third –Level Regulations Public Financial Management and Control Law (PFMCL), Law No. 5018 Regulation on Procedures and Principles Regarding Strategic Planning by Public Administrations Public Internal Audit Guide, Public Internal Control Draft Guide, Performance Program Preparation Guide, Communiqué on Strategic Plans to be Prepared by Public Administrations Metropolitan Municipality Law, Law No. 5216 Regulation on Performance Program to be Prepared by Public Administrations Communiqué on Public Internal Control Standards Special Provincial Administration Law, Law No. 5302 Regulation on Working Procedures and Principles of Strategy Development Units Strategic Planning Guide for Public Administrations Municipality Law, Law No. 5393 Regulation on Procedures and Principles of Internal Control and Pre-Financial Control, Draft Performance-Based Budgeting Guide Law on the Amendment of Decree-Law Performance Information Audit Guide Court of Accounts Law Law No. 6085 Presidential Decree on Strategy and Budget Organization (Decree Number: 13, 21) Internal auditings Sources: Authors compilation. Strategic Management in Turkey ’s Public Sector: Reforms and... The adoption of Public Financial Management and Control Law No. 5018, by parliament on 10 December 2003 provides the basic legal infrastructure for the implementation of strategic plans Turkey ’s public sector. Additional regulations on local governments were enacted or amended to allow for the implementation of these new reforms at the national and local government levels. According to Article (41) of Municipal Law No. 5393, all municipalities with a demographic range of more than 50,000 in population, are required to prepare an annual strategic plan (Demirkaya, 2015 ). This regulation was later expanded to include Metropolitan Municipalities with the adoption of Law No. 5216 in 20. The Municipal Law No. 5393 adopted in 2005 and the Special Provincial Administration Law No. 5302 adopted in 2005 became important legal frameworks in operationalizing strategic management in Turkey ’s public administration. This was further strengthened by the passing of the State Economic Enterprises by the Council of Ministers (Decision no. 12702) on 19 October 2007. This made strategic planning mandatory in all local and central administrations. Article (3) of the PFMCL No. 5018, defines strategic plan as “a plan which includes medium and long-term targets, objectives and priorities of the public institutions, performance measures, the methods to be followed and the distribution of resources. ” The document also stipulates public resources will be used to achieve systematically targeted objectives at senior management levels (PFMCL No. 5018, 2003). Also, Article 9 of the PFMCL no. 5018 states that “…public administrators must develop strategic plans using methods that ensure public participation. ” The Article lays more emphasis on the budgeting process by stating that “public administrators should prepare their organization budgets by ensuring they reflect on the mission, vision, strategic goals, objectives as well as performance basis ” (Office of the Prime Ministry, 2012). The philosophy behind adopting key public sector reforms in post-2002 Turkey was to achieve the following objectives: The basic elements of the system on which the new Public Financial Management and Control Law are based can be summarized as follows (Demirkaya, 2016 ; Çetin, 2015 ); & Managing, accountability, and responsibility, Table 2 Objectives of adopting Strategic management approaches in Turkey To increase transparency and accountability in public finance management, to bring internal control, external and internal audit systems, To allign the system with international standards especially in pre-expenditure and post-expenditure auditing so as to ensure fiscal discipline, To establish who handles financial transactions and identify necessary financial systems accordingly, Preparing the strategic plans and institutional budgets in accordance with development plans and yearly programs in line with the determined principles and procedures of service requirements, To carry out the financial audit in accordance with internationally determined standards, To increase the scope of the external audit and to make it more effective, To determine the duties, powers, and responsibilities of public entities in the planning process To identify means in which public organizations can manage their income, expenses, and liabilities in an effective, economical and efficient manner Source: Authors compilation Ayd ın G. et al. & Financial transparency, effective internal audit, and external audit. & Effective economic and efficient use of resources, strategic planning, and performance-based budgeting. & Multi-year budgeting (medium-term expenditure program), financial statistics, and publication of activity report accrual-based accounting, internal control system. Law No.5018 grants the Undersecretary of State Planning Organization (later trans- formed into Ministry of Development) the mandate to determine the principles and procedures on how strategic plans are linked with plans for development as well as determining the timetable for the strategic planning process (Demirkaya, 2015 :18 –19; Akyel et al., 2012 :66). In this context, the “Regulation on Procedures and Principles Regarding Strategic Planning in Public Administrations ” was prepared. In addition, the Undersecretary of State Planning Organization prepared the Strategic Planning Guide for Public Administrators to guide public administrators in the strategic planning process. Similarly, “Strategy Development Units” was established to organize the strategic management and planning activities of public institutions (Gürer, 2006 : 101 –102). Another key reform came with the introduction of Law on Court of Auditors, No. 6085 which has redefined monitoring strategic plans in Turkey. It outlines the scope and jurisdiction of the Turkey ’s Court of Accounts (TCA) and includes organizational performance to the activities of reporting to the Turkey Grand National Assembly (TGNA)(Önder & Meydanl ı, 2019). Contextually, Article 36 of Law No. 6085 states that the audit of the TCA consists of “regularity and performance audit.” The law increased the scope auditing of the public organization by the Turkey ’s Court of Accounts through auditing strategic plans and reporting them to TGNA (Unay & Ünay, 2006 ). Strategic Management Process and the Challenges in Turkey Public management reform processes in Turkey have been under the supervision and steering role of the Ministry of Development. The government has acknowledged the significance of strategic management in the public sector and has thus made efforts to transition from classical planning designs to more comprehensive and strategic plan- ning methods. This seriousness is seen within the efforts of adopting enabling legisla- tion and regulations. Despite the optimism, the process started to face challenges from the beginning. For example, the first strategic plan lacked sufficient framework and remained ambiguous about how it would be implemented. Over the years, there have been sufficient legal and policy frameworks outlining the duties, responsibilities, and methods of determining how public intuitions would develop effective missions, objectives, and goals. However, when it comes to implementation, the personnel working at the bottom seem to neglect the stipulated vision and missions marking the beginning of serious challenges facing the process. The design process allows each organization to formulate and implement their own strategic plans. Despite the ministry and existing laws providing a guideline, there seems to be a loss of convergence especially in meeting public needs. This reveals the necessity to consider having the organizations comply with aligning their plans with Strategic Management in Turkey ’s Public Sector: Reforms and... specific national goals starting from the preparation stage of the plans. In this context, the lack of needs analysis correctly leads to inaccurate determination of strategies. Also, the fact that the top executives do not provide sufficient support to the strategic plan construction phase undermines its strategic character from the start (Oberfield, 2012 :407 –9). The budget linkages should be established during the preparation phase by including representatives of financial authorities in the baseboards established by the senior management. The law requires not only adequate participation in the preparation of plans but also commitment in formulating and applying these plans. However, the reality is that preparation of strategic plans in most of the public organizations is characterized by (Önder & Ayd ın, 2016 ); & Complains about the low level of participation and lack of excitement in preparing plans & Lack of coordination from the preparation to the implementation stage. & Low quality the strategic plans which can be attributed to the participation of low level of stakeholders. & Lack of commitment as strategic plans are viewed as mere formalities & Most public entities skip or neglect important stages in the preparation of strategic plans such as meetings, internal and external stakeholder analysis or surveys The above challenges are observed at the very initial stages of preparing the plans in several public organizations in Turkey (Luca, 2016 ). Nartisa et al. ( 2012 ) in highlight- ing the importance of proper formulation of plans urge public administrators to implement citizen-oriented approaches by using the best examples from the entrepre- neurial world. Ensuring the use of survey reports, meetings, review of internal and external opinions can facilitate participation in the process of preparing strategic plans (Pearce et al., 2000 ). In terms of implementation, all public organizations are required to send their strategic plans to the Ministry of Finance and the State Planning Office, now the Presidency Strategy and Budget Department. This becomes the basis and guide for monitoring performance and budget preparations. Institutions under the central gov- ernment upon preparing their strategic plans need to get approval from various entities which include finance and development ministries and other affiliated organizations. Copies of the plan are also sent to the Grand National Assembly and the Court of Accounts. Local government authorities are required to send their strategic plans to the Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Development after they have been adopted by the local assemblies. They are also required to disseminate these plans to the public and publish them on their websites (Altan et al., 2013 : 113). Budgeting and Strategic Management Process Rigid budget requirements may prevent the use of initiatives in strategic plans on the one hand and on the other budget flexibility will enable the financing of dynamic and new issues that are not foreseen in the plans. Budget flexibility affects the success of applications reflecting the medium-term approach, such as plan and program (Erkan, 2008 ). In strategic plans, excessive emphasis on budgeting makes processes very Ayd ın G. et al. formal, reduces creativity, and discourages enthusiasm for development (Nartisa et al., 2012 ). Public institutions are differentiated from each other by their organizational and financial structures. The flexibility of strategic planning should be considered (Erkan, 2008 ). Adopting strategic plans under the public sector reforms in Turkey is based on the objective of seeking to use public resources effectively. However, Turkey ’s Public Administration structure has not provided a sufficient link between the budget and the strategic management processes (Önder & Aydin 2016 ). In a way, budgeting takes precedence then artificially linked to strategic plans. Also, since the previous year ’s budget only determines the budget for the following year, if no proper action is taken, long term plans may not fully benefit. In addition, the lack of correlation between performance and budget, previous budgets continue to be taken as a basis in budget decisions. Therefore, an important link needs to be developed to operationalize the relationship between strategic plans and the budget in the short, medium and long term (Önder &Nyadera, 2019 ). Aligning the budget and strategic plans is an indispensable success factor of strategic planning. The budgeting process is an abstract reduction of those expressed by the plan. However, if there is little interest within the plan-budget commission regarding the use or importance of strategic plans, then the whole process may be defeated. In Turkey, the problem of technical insufficiency among representatives of some of the boards means that there is little criticism of strategic plans at the local authority and institutional level. It is only the Court of Accounts performance that provides comprehensive reports which given the size of institutions that need to be monitors becomes a challenge too (Önder & Meydanl ı, 2019 ). Similarly, one weakness of the Court of Account perfor- mance is that they are based on the submitted strategic plans, yet the plans are themselves may not be of good quality. On the other hand, budgeting regulations, procedures, and approvals may take a longer time and negatively affect the success of the implementation of strategic plans. Implementation of Strategic Plans and Challenges Having examined the process and challenges affecting the formulation of strategic plans, it is important to assess the implementation process and its challenges. In Turkey ’s public administration system, the implementation process of the strategic plans is usually shaped by the head of the strategy unit and depends on his/her efforts. The challenges with the budgeting system also mean that strategic plan- ning does not find much space in practice within the public sector except for partial financial compliance since they are linked to the budget to plan. It can be said that strategic plans are not also taken as the main reference source when it comes to the implementation of development programs. This can be attributed to factors such as; Politicization The role of politics in administration processes is essentially ignored. The politics/administration dichotomy goes back to the early reform movements. The dichotomy referred primarily to the belief that “politics” in terms of partisanship should be kept out of the administration of government programs. It became clear today that it would be very difficult to remove politics from administrative activity. Reformers Strategic Management in Turkey ’s Public Sector: Reforms and... appear to assume that legislative, judicial power and role of politics in public admin- istration is negligible (Önder, 2010b ). One of the main factors affecting the implementation of strategic management plans in Turkey is the power struggle at different levels of the public administration, the politicized definitions of performance and the fact that public managers have less autonomy and control. Strategic plans are made for five years, but most of the time, the preparatory manager may not be in the position during implementation, or the new manager was not there during the preparation. This is attributed to high management turnover especially in positions where top administrators are appointed by political actors. Of course, changing managers is important for dynamism, but being circulated for less than a year triggers instability and reduces employee motivation. Equally, frequent changes of top managers by political influences weaken the stability of implementation of plans as have been seen in most Turkey ’s public organizations. The Ambiguity of Objectives The lack of clear goals and objectives, and the promotion of these goals and objectives, in general, is a big challenge. The use of abstract terms such as “will be increased, improved, etc,” and other vocabularies that do not provide clear and measurable values raises doubts on whether these objectives will be realized (Ayd ın, 2019 ). The set of targets and objectives must be achievable, measurable, and realistic. The right objectives/goals need to be measured with the right indicators. The fact that each department/unit wants to establish its own goals prevents the objectives from being inclusive. Failure to monitor the work process in line with the objectives and targets during the year and not to be reviewed at the end of the year inevitably result in failure. Some public institutions have opted to set very low and sometimes unrealistic/ambiguous goals and performance indicators to avoid auditing and account- ability concerns. Measurability of Services Public services should be expressed with measurable outputs and results as much as possible (Erkan, 2008 ). Personnel with inadequate knowledge or application of inappropriate measurement techniques continue to hinder the evaluation of individual and institutional performance in Turkey ’s public sector. Most institutions, especially within the local government structures, are adopting very low-quality per- formance indicators. In response, the government through the Ministry of Development has commissioned a study on the new guidelines on performance indicators which will be useful in the long run. Coordination Lack of effective internal and inter-institutional coordination mechanism is another major problem in Turkey ’s public sector strategic plan implementation. Andrews and Beynon, 2016 : 238 –42) opine that this is a problem faced in many countries and acknowledge that the concept of organizational competence in strategic management literature is increasingly used as a tool for studying and understanding coordination. The fact that coordination in all strategic plans is considered as a goal or target indicates the importance of the issue and shows that there is a lack of coordination. Human Resource Competence Human resources and social capital are among the most important indispensable items of strategic management (Andrews and Beynon, 2016 ). Ayd ın G. et al. Grant ( 1996 ), Henttonen et al. ( 2016 ) and Spender & Grant ( 1996 ) point out that within the organization, it is the people who possess the knowledge and thus implying that the quality of human resources will be reflected in the output of the organization. Lack of awareness of the strategic plan or attitudes of employees who may view planning as an unnecessary burden rather than a significant task weakens the construction and imple- mentation of strategic plans. For many years, public institutions in Turkey have faced the problem of weak human resource, however, the government has embarked on serious measures in recruitment and promotion reforms (Önder and Brower, 2013 ). In addition, public personnel is being subjected to training and development activities about strategic management and planning. This will contribute to the establishment of a certain capacity in public organizations (Erkan, 2008 ). Monitoring and Evaluation in Turkey ’s Public Sector In Turkey, a follow-up report is supposed to be written every six months, however, lack of concrete and detailed evaluation of the results as well as lack of action being taken on those responsible for incompetence or misapplication of plans makes monitoring meaningless. For effective functioning, a monitoring and evaluation system requires more concrete sub-systems and structures. Therefore, it may be useful to establish the internal control system as a model in some pilot public institutions at the same time activate the internal audit units in these processes. Conclusion and Policy Recommendations This paper sought to examine the reform process in Turkey ’s public sector and specifically assess the status, opportunities, and challenges that have come with the adoption of a strategic management approach. It has established that the government is continuously searching for an ideal administrative system that can deliver services in an efficient, cost-effective, accountable, and responsive manner. Relevant legal structures have been put in place to facilitate this process. The study identifies that administrative institutions in Turkey adopted a command-and-control bureaucratic model that has not changed significantly in their design and operation during the twentieth century (Önder and Brower, 2013 ). This has led to a call on the government to change its public planning and management philosophy and act in a more entrepreneurial, strategic and proactive manner. The aim of introducing reforms in the public sector has been to help the government combine principles of market and public service in delivering public goods. Turkey is experiencing mixed results in the adoption of strategic management approaches. The impact of these reforms continues to vary across central and local governments and their related agencies. It is observed that the majority of public institutions in Turkey have been adopting strategic plans merely as a legal necessity. The legislation introduced for strategic planning has brought about some positive changes and improved planning efforts. However, due based on the initial objectives of introducing these reforms, this paper concludes that significant success has not been achieved. This is attributed to several factors ranging from limited institutional support for planning, low level of participation Strategic Management in Turkey ’s Public Sector: Reforms and... and enthusiasm, lack of proper coordination, the mismatch between national goals and institutional goals. The study also identifies a huge problem in linking budget to strategic plans as well as several problems with implementation. The result has been poor quality plans, disinterest in complying with international standards and failure to reach set goals. Political leaders and public administrators should be more strategic in their man- agement practices. They cannot simply copy normative strategic management plans directly from the book or from other countries as it has been the trend; they need to consider their countries ’ unique social, economic, cultural and institutional contexts. This study hopefully contributes to the theory and practice of public strategic manage- ment and the questions raised in this article encourage critical thinking and further research explaining regional application differences in strategic management. Some suggestions and policy recommendations to overcome the challenges being experi- enced strategic management and plans can be listed as follows; & Researchers and policymakers should consider national cultures and local contexts in designing and applying strategic management. & Strategic management and planning are an understanding of vision and missions and the art of blending and thinking of them in long-term. This is not a law-making or day-saving adventure, but a management style and philosophy that must be embraced with all excitement and passion from the top to the bottom. & A strategic plan and performance program monitoring system should be established in order to monitor the strategic plan and performance with a central database. It should be supported by the necessary legal arrangements to reduce inefficiency and illegality. Information and communication aspects of management should not be neglected and the necessary technologies should be adapted on time. & Strategic plans, performance programs, and budget relations should be established and harmonized. It should be designed as part of both public expenditure and the public accounting system. The quality of measurement and performance indicators should be improved and well regulated. & Top managers should not only understand the importance of the strategic plan and adopt it but also provide necessary motivation and emphasize its importance to low ranking employees. Top managers should not change frequently especially if the changes are politically motivated. & Stakeholder and public engagement should be ensured as much as possible and detailed work should be done during the construction phase. & Qualified human resources are must for better quality strategic management. Human resources should be developed by establishing individual performance grading systems gradually. Employees should be rewarded by the manager accord- ing to their performance during the year. Employees should be trained and moti- vated by considering cultural factors rather than changing regulations. The under- standing of ethics and awareness of being beneficial to the organization should be improved. & Public organizations should have effective communication and teamwork internal- ly. An understanding of cooperation rather than competition among the institutions should be developed externally. & Monitoring and evaluation system should be established and operated effectively. Ayd ın G. et al. Compliance with Ethical Standards Conflict of Interest None. Informed Consent None. Ethical Approval None. References Akyel, N., Korkusuz Polat, T., & Arslankay, S. (2012). Strategic planning in institutions of higher education: A case study of Sakarya University. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 58, 66 –72. Al Ahbabi, S. A., Singh, S. K., Balasubramanian, S., & Gaur, S. S. (2019). Employee perception of impact of knowledge management processes on public sector performance. Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(2), 351 –373. Altan, Y., Kerman, U., Aktel, M., & Öztop, S. (2013). 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Strategic Management in Turkey ’s Public Sector: Reforms and... Güldenur Aydın has master degree from Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt Universityand she is a Phd candidate at Pamukklae University in Turkey. She works on performance management, balanced score cards and strategic management. Israel Nyaburi Nyadera Is a PhD Candidate at the department of Political Science and Public Administration, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Murat Önder Is a Professor at the department of Political Science and Public Administration, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University Ayd ın G. et al. View publication stats Document Outline
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