the two distributions (Figs
1a
and
4a
) suggest approximately the same time period. This
reflects the era of the Second Empire during which urban planner Haussmann worked with
Napoleon III to transform Paris into an empire city. Form comes with function, and Hauss-
mann’s vision transformed the city both spatially and socially. His urban changes entailed bet-
ter infrastructure, including the reconstruction of the entire Paris’s sewage system [
26
], and
left a mark that is still visible today [
27
].
In Vienna, most of the historical figures were living through the 1900s (
Fig 4b
). Around
this time, the city had expanded. The historical period most represented in the city’s streets
appear to be that between World War I and the Nazi invasion [
28
]. World War I destroyed the
city and, around 1940s, Austria was invaded by Nazi Germany.
London streets are named mostly after people who lived through the 1700s and 1800s.
Within that temporal window, the city experienced the Great Fire, grew because of the large-
scale interventions promoted by King George III, and benefited from the vibrant atmosphere
created by the introduction of the printing press.
Finally, in New York, streets celebrate people who lived through 1950s to 2000s (
Fig 4c
),
and a considerable part of them (36%) are named after 9/11 victims and emergency
responders.
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