Structural-semantic peculiarities of conditional sentences in english and uzbek

e.g. What does your father do? – Otang nima ish qiladi? or Otangning kasbi nima?
3. An exclamatory sentence which expresses strong feelings: astonishment, surprise, delight, joy, anger, indignation, etc. In Uzbek language, the term “Undov, his-hayajon gaplar” can be used in this case as in these types of sentences, emotions are of great importance.
e.g. How wonderful! What a beautiful picture! – Qanchalar ajoyib! Bunchalar chiroyli surat!
4. An imperative sentence, in Uzbek language, can be called as “buyruq gaplar” as in both languages, the function of these sentences is to command or request something.
e.g. Open the door, please.- Iltimos, eshikni oching.
Do come to see me tomorrow.- Ertaga meni ko’rishga kelgin albatta.
According to the structure a sentence, in English and Uzbek, is the following:
1. A simple unextended sentence (Sodda yig’iq gap) consists of the main parts, only the subject and the predicate:
e.g. I am writing. –Men yozyapman.
As can be seen from these both examples, in such sentences whether in English and Uzbek, the rules applied are the same: only principal parts are used within a sentence.
Regarding this, some viewpoints stated by scholars can be given as an example. To be more precise, Byrd and Benson (2001: 37-53) says that a simple sentence is a type of sentence that has at least one subject and predicate with a complete thought.⁶
2. A simple extended sentence (Sodda yoyiq gap) consists of some secondary parts (attribute, object, adverbial modifier) besides the main parts both in English and Uzbek:
e.g. The boy has fallen from the chair.- Bola stuldan yiqilib tushdi.
3. A compound sentence (Qo’shma gap) consists of two or more independent clauses joined together by means of coordination⁷:
e.g. Leo was playing in the room, Nick and Nelly were playing with him there.- Leo xonada o’ynayotgan edi, Nik va Nelli ham u bilan birga o’ynashyotgan edi.
4. A complex sentence (Ergashtiruvchi bog’lovchili qo’shma gap) consists of a principle clause and one or more dependent subordinate clauses. According to M. Rahmi, S. Saun and A.Adnan (2016), A complex sentence is made up of a simple sentence plus one (or more) subordinate clause(s) by adding the subordinating words.⁸Subordinate clauses (Tobe gaplar) are introduced by:
Conjunctive adverbs introduce subordinate adverbial clauses of different types. Conjunctive pronouns introduce subject, object and predicative clauses. Relative pronouns introduce attributive clauses.
e.g. Helen wants to enter the University when she leaves school.
5. A mixed sentence or compound-complex sentence (Aralash qo’shma gaplar). It is a sentence consisting of one or more independent clauses with one or more subordinate clauses⁹. M. Rahmi, S. Saun and A.Adnan (2016) say that a compound-complex sentence is made up of two (or more) simple sentences and one (or more) dependent or subordinate clause(s)¹⁰.
Below analysis of compound sentences can be seen.
Jane sat down and Mrs. Clark offered her a cup of tea.
The sentence: compound, declarative, affirmative, consists of two independent clauses joined by means of the coordinate conjunction and.
The 1st sentence: Jane sat down.
The sentence: simple, unextended, declarative, affirmative.
The principal parts are:
The Subject (who?): Jane (a proper noun, singular, Common Case)
The Predicate (what did the subject do?): sat down - a simple verbal predicate (intransitive, irregular simple notional verb “to sit” in Past Simple, Active, Indicative Mood).
The 2nd clause: Mrs. Clark offered her a cup of tea.
The sentence: simple, extended, declarative, affirmative.
The principal parts are:
The Subject (who?): Mrs. Clark (a proper noun, singular, Common Case).
The Predicate (what did she do?): offered - a simple verbal predicate (regular transitive verb ‘to offer’, Past Simple, Active).
The secondary parts are:
A cup of tea (what?): a direct object to the predicate (a prepositional phrase is expressed by two common nouns, Common Case)
Her (whom?): an indirect object to the predicate (personal pronoun, 3rd person, singular, feminine gender, Objective Case)
Analysis of a Complex Sentence is given below:
I took him into the kitchen, where, so far as it was possible, he cleaned himself.
The sentence: complex, consisting of a principal clause and two subordinate clauses; declarative, affirmative.
The Principal Clause: I took him into the kitchen.
The sentence: simple, extended, declarative, affirmative.
The principal parts are:
The Subject (who?): /(personal pronoun, 1^st person, singular, Nominative Case).
The Predicate (what did the subject do?): took- is a simple verbal predicate (irregular transitive verb, Past Simple, Active).
The secondary parts are:
Him (whom?): a direct object to the predicate (personal pronoun, 3rd person, singular, masculine gender, Objective Case).
Into the kitchen (where to?): an adverbial modifier of place (prepositional phrase-a noun with a preposition).
The First Subordinate Clause: where he cleaned himself - an attributive clause to the word kitchen introduced by the relative adverb where.
The sentence: simple, extended, declarative, affirmative.
The principal parts are:
The Subject (who?): he (personal pronoun, 3^rd person, singular, masculine gender, Nominative Case).
The Predicate (what did the subject do?): cleaned- a simple verbal predicate (regular transitive verb, Past Simple, Active).
The secondary parts are:
Himself (whom?): a direct object to the predicate (reflexive pronoun, 3rd person, singular, masculine gender).
The Second Subordinate Clause: so far as it was possible - adverbial clause of manner to the 1st subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction so far as.
The sentence: simple, unextended, declarative, affirmative.
The Subject (what?): it (personal pronoun, 3rd person, singular, neuter gender, Nominative Case - has the force of a demonstrative pronoun).
The Predicate (what did the subject do?): was possible - a compound nominal predicate (link-verb ‘to be\ Past Simple, Active, singular; predicative - an adjective).
Analysis of a Mixed Sentence is next:
At last all the preparations were complete; the day came when the trunks were taken to the steamer.
The sentence: mixed, with two independent clauses and one Subordinate clause.
The Subordinate clause is introduced by the relative adverb when.
The first independent clause is: At last all the preparations were complete',
The first independent clause is a simple, declarative, affirmative one.
Were complete is a compound nominal predicate, it consists of the link verb to be in the Past Simple, plural and a predicative, expressed by an adjective, positive degree.
The preparations is the subject expressed by a common noun, in the Common Case, plural.
All is an attribute, expressed by a distributive pronoun.
At last is an adverbial modifier of time, expressed by a prepositional phrase.
The second independent clause is: the day came when the trunks were taken to the steamer.
The second independent clause is complex by nature. It consists of the principal clause: the day came and the subordinate attributive clause is introduced by the relative adverb when the trunks were taken to the steamer.
Came is a simple verbal predicate of the Principal Clause, expressed by the verb ‘to come’ in the Past Simple, active voice, indicative mood.
The day is the subject, expressed by a common noun in the Common Case, singular.
Were taken is a simple verbal predicate of the subordinate attributive clause, expressed by the verb ‘to take ’ in the past simple, passive voice, indicative mood.
the trunks are the subject, expressed by a common noun in the Common Case, plural.
To the steamer is an adverbial modifier of place, expressed by a prepositional phrase.
As a conclusion of this part, one can say that the basic structure of sentences is very important before moving to the topic of conditional sentences. As has been mentioned in the chapter above, it has been double stated that, both in English and Uzbek language, sentences are classified based on the two criteria: according to the purpose of utterance and structure; at the same time, these classifications play a very important role if one wants to produce a good if conditional sentence as this is one type of complex sentence both in Uzbek and English language. In the next part, we will touch upon the topic of introduction to the conditional sentences and make it as a theoretical basis of the work.