Subject matter of lexicology

PHRASEOLOGY. PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS
Phraseology is a branch of linguistics which studies different types of set expressions, which like words name various objects and phenomena. They exist in the language as ready-made units.
A Phraseological unit can be defined as a non-motivated word-group that cannot be freely made up in speech, but is reproduced as a ready-made unit. It is a group of words whose meaning cannot be deduced by examining the meaning of the constituent lexemes. The essential features are: 1) lack of motivation; 2) stability of the lexical components.
Free-word groups and Phraseological units. The free word-groups are only relatively free as collocability of their member-words is fundamentally delimited by their lexical and syntactic valency. Phraseological units are comparatively stable and semantically inseparable.
Distinctive features of free-word groups and phraseological units Free word-groups Phraseological units 1. are formed in the process of speech according to the standards of the language; 1. exist in the language side-by-side with separate words; 2. are constructed in the process of communication by joining together words into a phrase; 2. are reproduced in speech as ready-made units;
Free word-groups Phraseological units 3. substitution is possible; 3. no substitution is possible; 4. each of its components preserves its denotational meaning; 4. the denotational meaning belongs to the word group as a single semantically inseparable unit;
Free word-groups Phraseological units 5. less structural unity; 5. greater structural unity; 6. components may have any of the forms of their paradigm. 6. components often have just one form of all the forms of their paradigm.
Phraseological fusions are units whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of their component parts. The meaning of PFs is unmotivated at the present stage of language development, e.g. red tape (бюрократизм, волокита), a mare’s nest (иллюзия, нечто несуществующее)SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS (V.V. Vinogradov) is based on the motivation of the unit
Phrasological unities are expressions the meaning of which can be deduced from the meanings of their components; the meaning of the whole is based on the transferred meanings of the components, e.g. to show one’s teeth (to be unfriendly), to stand to one’s guns (to refuse to change one’s opinion), etc. They are motivated expressions.
Phraseological collocations are not only motivated but contain one component used in its direct meaning, while the other is used metaphorically, e.g. to meet requirements, to attain success. In this group of PUs some substitutions are possible which do not destroy the meaning of the metaphoric element, e.g. to meet the needs, to meet the demand, to meet the necessity; to have success, to lose success.
The characteristic features of phraseological units are: 1. ready-made reproduction, structural divisibility, 3. morphological stability, 4. permanence of lexical composition, 5. semantic unity, 6. syntactic fixity.
Word formation Productive and Non- productive ways of word building
It’s a process of forming words by combining root and affixal morphemes. It is s a branch of science of the language, which studies the patterns on which a language forms new lexical items (new unities, new words) Word formation is the creation of a new word
Different types of word formation: There are 2 ways of word formation: productive a Non-productive way includes sound interchange, stress interchange, sound imitation, blending, back formation. Productive ways includes affixation, word composition, conversion, abbreviation. nd non-productive ways.
Affixation is divided into suffixation and prefixation. The secondary function is to change the lexical meaning of the same part of speech.  It consists of adding an affix to the stem of a definite part of speech. The main function of suffixation is to form one part of speech from another. Productive way. Affixation.
Prefixation A prefix is an affixation process that includes adding a morpheme at the beginning of the word. There are different types: negative prefixes(unfair, non-stop), pejorative prefixes(to misbehave), prefixes of place (Locative prefixes)(midway, transatlantic), prefixes of size, degree and status(micro-, macro-, mini-, co-, vice-), prefixes of time and order(ex-wife, midnight, preview), prefixes of number (mono-, poly-, semi-, tri-) and others.
There are 5 groups of suffixation: - Noun-forming –er, -dom, -ism - Adjective-forming –able, -less, -ous - Verb-forming -ize, -ify, -en - Adverb-forming –ly, -ward, -wise - Numeral-forming –teen, -ty, -fold It is a formation of new words by adding suffixes to the stem. Suffixation
Basketball Doorknob  Sunburn  Fingerprint  Bookcase  It refers to the joining of two separate words to produce a single word. The two words don’t lose their individual sounds. Compounding
This is the change of the function of the word. For example when a noun comes to be used as a verb. Bag – to bag Back – to back Bottle – to bottleConversion
Abbreviation of words consists in clipping a part of a word. Abbriviation can be graphical (a.m.- in the morning, i.e.- that is) and Initial (J.V.- joint venture, BBC, UK, UNESCO)  Examples: professor-prof. Fantasy-fancy.  Word groups can be shortened. Abbreviation
Situation Comedy (sitcom) Fanatic (fan)  Brassiere (bra)  Clipping a synonym of reduction. In this process a word that has more than one syllable is reduced to a shorter form Clipping
Non-productive way. Blending. New words are formed from a word group or two synonyms by clipping the end of the first component and the beginning of the second component medical + care = medicare Spanish + English = Spanglish Modulator + demodulator = Modem
Backformation or Negative derivation. A complex word exists first, the non- affixed form is derived later, e.g. –baby-sitter to baby-sit –editor to edit
Sound imitation Other terms for sound imitation are onomatopoeia and echoism. Words coined by this type of word building are made by imitating different kinds of sounds that may be produced by animals, birds, human beings and inanimate objects. Dogs – bark cocks – cock-a-doodle-doo cats – mew (miaow, meow) cows – moo (low).
is one of the ways of word building, based on a shift of stress 'conduct – to con'duct 'present – to pre'sent 'frequent - to fre'quentStress interchange
Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, it is study of words.
The term is composed of two Greek morphemes: logos – learning, Lexus – word, phrase. Thus the literal meaning of the term is the science of the word.
LG is a branch of linguistics and has its own aims and methods of scientific research. Its basic task is to study and descript systematically the vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use.
LG is concerned with words, variable workgroups, phrasiological units and with morphemes. Modern English LG investigates the problems of word structure and word formation in modern English.
The semantic structure of English words, the main principles underline the classification of vocabulary units into various groupings, the laws, governing, and the development of the vocabulary.
It also studies the variation, existing between various lexical layers of the English vocabulary and the specific laws and regulations that govern its development at the present time. The source and the growth of the EV and the changes.