Sustainable Development Strategies for Product Innovation and Energy Efficiency
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Sustainable Development Strategies for P
efficiency appear not to be integrated and hence potential synergies as discussed are not created and harvested. In short,
focusing on one will have a detrimental effect on the other. Our results therefore point to some preliminary points for managers to consider, although we stress that the analyses need to be further confirmed before solid recommendations can be offered. The principle underlying the recommendations is that we suggest how, despite the opposite empirical results in the analyses, managers may seek to combine efforts at innovation and energy efficiency. The first recommendation for managers relates to the idea of strategizing for ‘green’ innovation. As this is much more than a reduction of harmful substances and reduction of energy consumption, but is potentially also related to other activities like market needs, product development boundaries, and not least production processes, this paper stresses that managers need to be direct in their stimulation of intra-organizational, cross-functional communication. For instance, a manager may utilize the mechanism of formulating combined targets for both innovation and energy efficiency. Hence, the second recommendation for managers dealing with sustainable and environmentally oriented aspects of innovation is that they should impose specific, manageable but quantitatively measurable goals for certain types of innovations on their organizations, while realizing the direct impact on production activities. This can, for example, mean concrete (e.g. percentage or absolute) goals for annual energy and/or material reduction concerning specific production facilities. Our second recommendation refers directly to the balancing of product innovation and energy efficiency, calling for firms that strategize on greening of their innovation activities, product innovation, and energy efficiency to formulate and motivate a detailed, specified environmental strategy. According to Crowe and Brennan (2007) this should be embedded in their overall innovation and manufacturing strategy. However, further recommenda- tions for managers require more in-depth studies considering the main findings here that while some green aspects like goals for energy reduction may couple with product innovation, others like EMSs do not. However, whether the strengthened policy focus on product responsibility enforced on the product manufacturer may further support the emphasis upon greening of products in terms of, for example, more environmentally friendly materials or in production processes, is not evident. Take-back laws, end-of-life principles, and cradle-to-cradle are all targets for policy initiatives toward greening of products in the form of product recyclability and reusability (Walls, 2006). In the future, explicit policy focus on the specific product-related responsibility initiatives as well as more holistic initiatives toward combining material- and energy-related policy instruments should be investigated. 141 Product Innovation and Energy Efficiency Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment Bus. Strat. Env. 23, 131–144 (2014) DOI: 10.1002/bse Walls (2006, p. 5) clearly formulates how extended producer responsibility policies are often not clear on their exact objective; these may range from reduction in waste generated, to waste disposal and decreases in use of virgin materials, to reduced pollution in the production stage, but for instance do not include considerations of energy efficiency in production processes – neither for the specific product nor for the production process in general. In this integration of production and product considerations under a common heading of ‘product or producer responsibility’, we see a clear potential for future research and policy development. Therefore, there is plenty to do in future empirical research in the area of ‘green’ innovation. This paper has only touched on a few relevant and interesting elements like the interaction between different types of innovations (process and product innovation) and production aspects toward innovation and energy efficiency. Furthermore, new studies focusing on these interactions should also consider other types of innovation than new product development and process innovation aiming at energy efficiency. Additional types of environmental process innovations (e.g. material reduction, prevention of defects in production), combined product–service innovations, or organizational innovations related to complete value chains (e.g. cradle- to-cradle) should be included in future research designs. Further research could also emphasize the managerial decision practices regarding choices of a certain ‘green innovation portfolio’, beyond the reach of the current survey data. This implies the consideration of a wider range of stakeholders, for example employees in production facilities, trade unions, consumers’ associations, or even the end user. A more complex investigation of decision practices regarding environmental innovation may require research designs combining quantitative and qualitative data collection methods more intense than those seen so far. In particular, managerial decision practices concerning ‘green’ innovation in small companies (with 20 employees or fewer) are widely neglected in the empirical literature. The findings of our paper provide several starting points for the formulation of hypotheses for future research. One important starting point is the internal goals of firms for new product development in relation to production facilities, especially efficiency considerations, market attention, and greening of innovation. Our findings show that these innovation goals have a significant positive effect on either product innovation or energy efficiency of production facilities, but our study provides only initial ideas about the managerial logic behind the formulation and implementa- tion of firms’ innovation goals. Besides ‘objective’ reasons like sector-specific conditions or limited resources and time of the managers responsible, there can also be ‘hidden’, more ‘subjective’ barriers for setting balanced innovation goals. For example, Schleich (2009) proposes ‘hidden costs’, ‘split incentives’, ‘imperfect information’, and ‘bounded rationality’ of managers as reasons for missing or insufficient goal-setting and implementation for the greening of product and process innovations (see also Wong, 2012 for a broader focus on ‘knowledge sharing and green innovation’, considering both green product and process innovation). Hypotheses for further research about the setting, implementation, and balancing of different strategic goals could combine assumptions regarding ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ barriers to environmental innovation in one approach. Recently, discussions have emerged in the literature about potential ways of combining green product innovations, green business models, and innovations aiming at energy efficiency in production facilities and other types of process innovations with environmental implications (OECD, 2012). The findings of this paper highlight that this reflects the reality in the economy, especially in SMEs. However, the full potential of environmental innovation in manufacturing companies can only be developed if these different strings are better aligned, both in theory and practice. The basic model as presented in this paper should be further developed and complemented with additional variables to test the various interactions between greening of the product, the business model, and process innovation. According to the results of the paper, strategic goals for environmental product and process innovations (e.g. for energy and material consumption), differentiated scales for economic and ecological production aspects, and managerial practices (e.g. cross-functional and inter-firm innovation teams and communication) should be included in future models to test these interactions between different ways of realizing energy efficiency, production and innovation. References Albino V, Balice A, Dangelico RM. 2009. Environmental strategies and green product development: an overview on sustainability-driven companies. Download 171.22 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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