Svante E. Cornell, ed

Rule of Law Developments

Many presidential decrees of recent years addressed improving the criminal justice system. The announcement of reform of the criminal justice codes (CC, CPC, CEC) and a new Advocacy Law were among the most important ones. A legal expert from Regional Dialogue was a member of the working group in its initial review and Regional Dialogue, with its U.S. and EU experts, also participated in the initial draft of the concept of the new Advocacy Law, developed by the Chamber of Advocates.
However, the process was interrupted due to COVID-19 restrictions and slowed down. Later, it was picked up by the presidential administration with very little public reporting on where things stand. It was apparent that inter-agency cooperation was insufficient. Such reforms demand more open discussions among the judicial actors. It is not clear whether there is substantial agreement reached to finalize new codes or to amend the existing ones.
The next major initiative initiated by a presidential decree shifted the focus to combatting corruption. An Anticorruption Agency was set up by the presidential decree in June 2020. The main purpose of the agency was to take over the preventive and monitoring function, while the actual
prosecution of corruption was assigned to prosecutors and law enforcement.
These efforts were accompanied by intensive coverage in the Uzbek media. Akmal Burkhanov, a well-known lawyer educated in Japan and a media skilled former leader of a government-oriented NGO was appointed the Director of the Agency. Umida Tukhtasheva, a former Dean of the Criminal Justice at Tashkent State University of Law and well known in the legal community for her outspoken role in reforming criminal justice, was appointed Deputy Director.
The draft legislation on the mandate of the Agency and the draft law on asset declaration and compliance in prevention of conflicts of interest was highly evaluated by international experts. Yet the deadline for the asset declaration that should include all top-down senior officials, including the president, was not met, since the laws were only submitted to parliamentary procedure in June 2022. Deadlines were postponed several times. No legislation has been passed through the parliamentary chambers to date.
The nationwide movement Yuksalish, led by young M.P. Bobur Bekmurodov with very active representatives in all Uzbek regions, implemented the first ever corruption risk assessment research, in cooperation with AC Agency and Regional Dialogue, and with support from the U.S. State Department’s INL Bureau. The risk of corruption at admission to the elementary schools was assessed, interviewing almost 5,000 parents, teachers, and school principals in all regions of Uzbekistan in the second half of 2021. The results of the assessment were publicly presented and discussed. Several other similar risk assessments have been conducted. It will take some time before the culture of corruption can be changed, but active cooperation, although initially met with some concerns
and resistance, is the right path towards setting up a more transparent system of managing public assets.
With the deteriorating international security situation, new challenges in criminal justice – as part of the strong digitalization process – became a priority, including crypto-currency, dark web, and cybercrime issues. This caused additional delays in the process of setting up a firm legal framework. While the rule of law reforms sought to simplify and adjust implementation to make it easier for both the population at large and economic actors, the new challenges also needed to be included in the criminal justice codes. Uzbekistan’s leaders quickly understood that properly addressing these new issues was becoming an urgent matter of national security, and an important path towards a developed economy and inter-connectivity with the rest of developed world.
In the meantime, numerous changes occurred that raised international support for the reform process in the country. Uzbekistan passed legislation which substantially loosened restrictions on freedom of religion. Calls for prayers can now be heard from Uzbek mosques, more young women are covering their heads, and a big turnout of men gathering for Friday prayers can be observed both in Tashkent and in the regions.
Uzbekistan also addressed another very important issue that had exposed the country to sustained criticism: forced labor in the cotton fields was prohibited. This long overdue reform was efficiently implemented with proper government-led efforts, supported by the International Labor Organization (ILO). This ended the years-long international boycott of Uzbek cotton. Cotton quotas on farmers were abolished and local officials that continued to disobey these top-down instructions were prosecuted.
The legislation on gender equality marks Uzbekistan as a Muslim country leading in the reforming of outdated cultural traditions. This means a
substantial change for more than half of population. There are many influential positions that have been taken over by well-educated and highly motivated female professionals on the republican and regional levels. This is a big change from what Uzbekistan looked like 20 years ago.