- Types of relations between words
- Arguments: subject, object, indirect object, prepositional object
- Adjuncts: temporal, locative, causal, manner, …
- Function Words
- Subcategorization: List of arguments of a word (verb)
- with features about realization (POS, perhaps case, verb form etc)
- For English, the argument order: Subject-Object-IndirectObj
- Example:
- like: NP-NP (“John likes Mary”), NP-VP(to-inf) (John likes to watch movies)
- think: NP-S (“John thought Mary was going to the party”)
- put: NP-NP-PP
- Adjuncts are optional (typically modifiers of an action)
- John put the book on the table at 3pm yesterday
- There are words with “demands” and words that fill the “demands”.
- Demands are typed (NP, VP, PP, S)
English Syntax: A Sample - Sentence types:
- Declarative (John closed the door)
- Imperative (close the door!!)
- Yes-No-Question (can you close the door?)
- Wh-question (who closed the door? What did John close?)
- Clause types:
- Infinitival (to read a book)
- Gerundive (reading of a book)
- Relative Clause (that has a green cover)
English Syntax: A Sample – contd. - Noun Phrase:
- Before the head noun:
- Pre-determiner Determiner Post-determiner (Adjective|Noun) Noun
- After the head noun (Modifiers)
- Preposition phrases
- Relative Clauses (the book that has only one sentence)
- Gerundive (the flight arriving after 10pm)
- Auxiliary Verbs
- Modal (could, might, will, should…) < perfect (have) < progressive (be) < passive (be)
- “might have been destroyed”
- Large wide-coverage grammars have been developed/under development
- XTAG (www.cis.upenn.edu/~xtag), HPSG, LFG
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