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Welcome

Welcome to the CCNA Introduction to Networks course. The goal of this course is to introduce you to fundamental networking concepts and technologies. These online course materials will assist you in developing the skills necessary to plan and implement small networks across a range of applications. The specific skills covered in each chapter are described at the start of each chapter.

You can use your smart phone, tablet, laptop, or desktop to access your course, participate in discussions with your instructor, view your grades, read or review text, and practice using interactive media. However, some media are complex and must be viewed on a PC, as well as Packet Tracer activities, quizzes, and exams.‌‌

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Xush kelibsiz

CCNA-ga Tarmoqlarga kirish kursiga xush kelibsiz. Ushbu kursning maqsadi sizni asosiy tarmoq tushunchalari va texnologiyalari bilan tanishtirishdir. Ushbu onlayn dars materiallari sizga turli xil ilovalar bo'yicha kichik tarmoqlarni rejalashtirish va amalga oshirish uchun zarur bo'lgan ko'nikmalarni rivojlantirishda yordam beradi. Har bir bobda keltirilgan o'ziga xos ko'nikmalar har bir bobning boshida tasvirlangan.

Siz o'zingizning kursingizga kirish, o'qituvchingiz bilan munozaralarda qatnashish, baholaringizni ko'rish, matnni o'qish yoki ko'rib chiqish va interaktiv vositalardan foydalanish bilan shug'ullanish uchun aqlli telefon, planshet, noutbuk yoki ish stolidan foydalanishingiz mumkin. Biroq, ba'zi ommaviy axborot vositalari murakkab va ularni kompyuterda ko'rish kerak, shuningdek Packet Tracer faoliyati, viktorinalar va imtihonlar.‌‌

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A Global Community

When you participate in the Networking Academy, you are joining a global community linked by common goals and technologies. Schools, colleges, universities, and other entities in over 160 countries participate in the program. Click here to view a video about how Cisco Networking Academy is changing the world.

Look for the Cisco Networking Academy official site on Facebook© and LinkedIn©. The Facebook site is where you can meet and engage with other Networking Academy students from around the world. The Cisco Networking Academy LinkedIn site connects you with job postings, and you can see how others are effectively communicating their skills.‌‌

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Global Hamjamiyat

Tarmoq akademiyasida qatnashganingizda, siz umumiy maqsadlar va texnologiyalar bilan bog'langan global hamjamiyatga qo'shilasiz. Dasturda 160 dan ortiq mamlakatlardagi maktablar, kollejlar, universitetlar va boshqa tashkilotlar ishtirok etadi. Cisco Networking Academy dunyoni qanday o'zgartirayotgani haqida videoni ko'rish uchun shu erni bosing.

Facebook © va LinkedIn © © da Cisco Networking Academy rasmiy saytini qidiring. Facebook sayti - bu dunyodagi boshqa Tarmoq akademiyasining talabalari bilan uchrashishingiz va ular bilan muloqot qilishingiz mumkin. Cisco Networking Academy LinkedIn sayti sizni ish e'lonlari bilan bog'laydi va boshqalarning o'z mahoratlarini qanday qilib samarali ravishda etkazayotganini ko'rishingiz mumkin.‌‌

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More Than Just Information

The NetSpace learning environment is an important part of the overall course experience for students and instructors in the Networking Academy. These online course materials include course text and related interactive media, Packet Tracer simulation activities, real equipment labs, remote access labs, and many different types of quizzes. All of these materials provide important feedback to help you assess your progress throughout the course.

The material in this course encompasses a broad range of technologies that facilitate how people work, live, play, and learn by communicating with voice, video, and other data. Networking and the internet affect people differently in different parts of the world. Although we have worked with instructors from around the world to create these materials, it is important that you work with your instructor and fellow students to make the material in this course applicable to your local situation.‌‌

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Faqat ma'lumotdan ko'proq

NetSpace o'quv muhiti Tarmoq akademiyasi talabalari va o'qituvchilari uchun umumiy kurs tajribasining muhim qismidir. Ushbu onlayn dars materiallari tarkibiga darslik matni va tegishli interaktiv vositalar, Packet Tracer simulyatsiyasi faoliyati, haqiqiy uskunalar laboratoriyalari, masofadan turib kirish laboratoriyalari va ko'plab turli xil savol-javoblar kiradi. Ushbu materiallarning barchasi kurs davomida erishgan yutuqlaringizni baholashga yordam beradigan muhim mulohazalarni taqdim etadi.

Ushbu kurs materiallari ovoz, video va boshqa ma'lumotlar bilan aloqa qilish orqali odamlarning ishlashini, yashashini, o'ynashini va o'rganishini osonlashtiradigan keng ko'lamli texnologiyalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Tarmoq va Internet dunyoning turli burchaklaridagi odamlarga turlicha ta'sir qiladi. Ushbu materiallarni yaratish bo'yicha biz dunyoning turli mamlakatlaridan kelgan o'qituvchilar bilan ishlagan bo'lsak-da, ushbu kursdagi materialni sizning mahalliy sharoitingizga moslashtirishi uchun o'qituvchingiz va boshqa talabalaringiz bilan ishlashingiz juda muhimdir.‌‌

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How We Teach

E-doing is a design philosophy that applies the principle that people learn best by doing. The curriculum includes embedded, highly interactive e-doing activities to help stimulate learning, increase knowledge retention, and make the whole learning experience much richer – and that makes understanding the content much easier.‌‌

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Biz qanday o'qitamiz

Elektron ish - bu odamlar tomonidan eng yaxshi o'rganadigan tamoyilni qo'llaydigan dizayn falsafasi. O'quv rejasi o'qitishni rag'batlantirish, bilimni saqlashni ko'paytirish va butun o'quv tajribasini ancha boyitishga yordam beradigan ko'milgan, yuqori darajada interaktiv elektron ishlarni o'z ichiga oladi va bu tarkibni tushunishni ancha osonlashtiradi.‌‌

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Practice Leads to Mastery

In a typical lesson, after learning about a topic for the first time, you will check your understanding with some interactive media items. If there are new commands to learn, you will practice them with the Syntax Checker before using the commands to configure or troubleshoot a network in Packet Tracer, the Networking Academy network simulation tool. Next, you will do practice activities on real equipment in your classroom or accessed remotely over the internet.

Packet Tracer can also provide additional practice any time by creating your own activities or you may want to competitively test your skills with classmates in multi-user games. Packet Tracer skills assessments and skills integration labs give you rich feedback on the skills you are able to demonstrate and are great practice for chapter, checkpoint, and final exams.‌‌

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Amaliyot o'zlashtirishga olib keladi

Odatiy darsda, mavzu haqida birinchi marta bilib olganingizdan so'ng, siz o'zingizning tushunchangizni ba'zi interaktiv vositalar bilan tekshirasiz. O'rganish uchun yangi buyruqlar mavjud bo'lsa, ularni Networking Academy tarmog'ini simulyatsiya qilish vositasi bo'lgan Packet Tracer-da tarmoqni sozlash yoki nosozliklarni tuzatish uchun buyruqlarni ishlatishdan oldin ularni Sintaksis tekshiruvi bilan ishlatasiz. Keyinchalik, siz o'zingizning sinfingizdagi haqiqiy jihozlarda mashq qilasiz yoki Internet orqali masofadan turib kirishingiz mumkin.

Packet Tracer har qanday vaqtda o'zingizning faoliyatingizni yaratish orqali qo'shimcha amaliyotni taqdim etishi mumkin yoki siz ko'p foydalanuvchi o'yinlarida sinfdoshlar bilan o'z mahoratingizni raqobatbardosh ravishda sinab ko'rishingiz mumkin. Packet Tracer ko'nikmalarini baholash va ko'nikmalarni integratsiya qilish laboratoriyalari sizga namoyish etishingiz mumkin bo'lgan qobiliyatlar haqida boy mulohazalar beradi va bob, nazorat punkti va yakuniy imtihonlar uchun juda yaxshi amaliyotdir.‌‌

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Mind Wide Open

An important goal in education is to enrich you, the student, by expanding what you know and can do. It is important to realize, however, that the instructional materials and the instructor can only facilitate the process. You must make the commitment yourself to learn new skills. The following pages share a few suggestions to help you learn and prepare for transitioning your new skills to the workplace.‌‌

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Mind Wide Open

Ta'limning muhim maqsadi - siz, talaba, bilgan va qila oladigan narsalarni kengaytirish orqali boyitishdir. Shunga qaramay, o'quv materiallari va o'qituvchi faqat jarayonni osonlashtirishi mumkinligini anglash kerak. Siz yangi ko'nikmalarni o'rganish uchun o'zingiz majburiyat qilishingiz kerak. Keyingi sahifalarda yangi ko'nikmalaringizni ish joyiga o'tkazishga o'rganish va tayyorgarlik ko'rishga yordam beradigan bir nechta takliflar mavjud.‌‌

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Engineering Journals

Professionals in the networking field often keep Engineering Journals in which they write down the things they observe and learn such as how to use protocols and commands. Keeping an Engineering Journal creates a reference you can use at work in your ICT job. Writing is one way to reinforce your learning – along with Reading, Seeing, and Practicing.

A sample entry for implementing a technology could include the necessary software commands, the purpose of the commands, command variables, and a topology diagram indicating the context for using the commands to configure the technology.‌‌

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Muhandislik jurnallari

Tarmoq sohasidagi mutaxassislar ko'pincha muhandislik jurnallarini saqlaydilar, unda ular kuzatgan narsalarini yozadilar va protokol va buyruqlardan qanday foydalanishni o'rganadilar. Muhandislik jurnalini yuritish sizning AKT ishingizda foydalanishingiz mumkin bo'lgan ma'lumotnomani yaratadi. Yozish - bu o'qish, ko'rish va amaliyot bilan bir qatorda, bilimingizni mustahkamlashning bir usuli.

Texnologiyani amalga oshirish uchun namunaviy yozuv kerakli dasturiy ta'minot buyruqlari, buyruqlarning maqsadi, buyruq o'zgaruvchilari va texnologiyani sozlash uchun buyruqlardan foydalanish uchun kontekstni ko'rsatadigan topologiya diagrammasini o'z ichiga olishi mumkin.‌‌

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Explore the World of Networking

Packet Tracer is a networking learning tool that supports a wide range of physical and logical simulations. It also provides visualization tools to help you understand the internal workings of a network.

The pre-made Packet Tracer activities consist of network simulations, games, activities, and challenges that provide a broad range of learning experiences. These tools will help you develop an understanding of how data flows in a network.‌‌

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Tarmoq dunyosini o'rganing

Packet Tracer - bu ko'plab jismoniy va mantiqiy simulyatsiyalarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydigan tarmoqni o'rganish vositasi. Shuningdek, u tarmoqning ichki ishlarini tushunishga yordam beradigan vizualizatsiya vositalarini taqdim etadi.

Oldindan tayyorlangan Packet Tracer tadbirlari keng qamrovli o'quv tajribasini ta'minlaydigan tarmoq simulyatsiyalari, o'yinlar, mashg'ulotlar va muammolardan iborat. Ushbu vositalar ma'lumotlar tarmog'ida qanday oqishini tushunishni rivojlantirishga yordam beradi.‌‌

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Create Your Own Worlds

You can also use Packet Tracer to create your own experiments and networking scenarios. We hope that, over time, you consider using Packet Tracer - not only for experiencing the pre-built activities, but also to become an author, explorer, and experimenter.

The online course materials have embedded Packet Tracer activities that will launch on computers running Windows® operating systems, if Packet Tracer is installed. This integration may also work on other operating systems using Windows emulation.‌‌

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O'zingizning dunyolaringizni yarating

Siz o'zingizning tajribalaringizni va tarmoq stsenariylarini yaratish uchun Packet Tracer-dan foydalanishingiz mumkin. Umid qilamizki, vaqt o'tishi bilan siz Packet Tracer-dan foydalanishni o'ylaysiz - bu nafaqat oldindan qurilgan faoliyatni boshdan kechirish uchun, balki muallif, tadqiqotchi va eksperimentchi bo'lish uchun.

Onlayn kurs materiallari, agar Packet Tracer o'rnatilgan bo'lsa, Windows® operatsion tizimlarida ishlaydigan kompyuterlarda ishga tushiriladigan Packet Tracer tadbirlarini o'z ichiga olgan. Ushbu integratsiya Windows emulyatsiyasi yordamida boshqa operatsion tizimlarda ham ishlashi mumkin.‌‌

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How Packet Tracer Helps Master Concepts

Educational Games

Packet Tracer Multi-User games enable you or a team to compete with other students to see who can accurately complete a series of networking tasks the fastest. It is an excellent way to practice the skills you are learning in Packet Tracer activities and hands-on labs.

Cisco Aspire is a single-player, standalone strategic simulation game. Players test their networking skills by completing contracts in a virtual city. The Networking Academy Edition is specifically designed to help you prepare for the CCENT certification exam. It also incorporates business and communication skills ICT employers seek in job candidates. Click here to learn more about Cisco Aspire Networking Academy Edition.

Performance-Based Assessments

The Networking Academy performance-based assessments have you do Packet Tracer activities like you have been doing all along, only now integrated with an online assessment engine that will automatically score your results and provide you with immediate feedback. This feedback helps you to more accurately identify the knowledge and skills you have mastered and where you need more practice. There are also questions on chapter quizzes and exams that use Packet Tracer activities to give you additional feedback on your progress.‌‌

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Packet Tracer Master tushunchalariga qanday yordam beradi

Ta'lim o'yinlari

Packet Tracer Multi-User o'yinlari sizga yoki jamoangizga boshqa talabalar bilan raqobatlashishga imkon beradi, ular qator tarmoq ishlarini kim eng tez bajarishini aniq ko'rishlari mumkin. Packet Tracer mashg'ulotlarida va amaliy laboratoriyalarda o'rganayotgan ko'nikmalaringizni amalda qo'llashning ajoyib usuli.

Cisco Aspire - bitta o'yinchi, yakka strategik simulyatsiya o'yini. Aktyorlar virtual shaharda shartnomalarni tuzish orqali o'zlarining tarmoqdagi ko'nikmalarini sinab ko'rishadi. Networking Academy Edition CCENT sertifikatlash imtihoniga tayyorgarlik ko'rishda yordam berish uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan. Shuningdek, u AKT ish beruvchilari ish uchun nomzodlarni izlashda ishbilarmonlik va kommunikatsiya qobiliyatlarini o'z ichiga oladi. Cisco Aspire Networking Academy Edition haqida ko'proq bilish uchun shu erni bosing.

Amaliyotga asoslangan baholash

Tarmoq akademiyasi faoliyati asosida o'tkazilgan baholashlar davomida siz o'zingiz bajargan har doimgidek Packet Tracer faoliyatlarini amalga oshirdingiz, faqat endi sizning natijalaringizni avtomatik ravishda to'playdigan va darhol fikr-mulohazalarni taqdim etadigan onlayn baholash mexanizmi bilan birlashtirildi. Ushbu mulohaza sizga o'zlashtirgan bilim va ko'nikmalarni aniqroq aniqlashga yordam beradi va qaerda ko'proq mashq qilish kerak. Shuningdek, sizning taraqqiyotingiz to'g'risida qo'shimcha fikr-mulohaza bildirish uchun Packet Tracer faoliyatidan foydalanadigan bob viktorinalari va imtihonlarda savollar mavjud.‌‌

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Course Overview

As the course title states, the focus of this course is on learning the fundamentals of networking. In this course, you will learn both the practical and conceptual skills that build the foundation for understanding basic networking. You will do the following:

Examine human versus network communication and see the parallels between them

Be introduced to the two major models used to plan and implement networks: OSI and TCP/IP

Gain an understanding of the "layered" approach to networks

Examine the OSI and TCP/IP layers in detail to understand their functions and services

Become familiar with the various network devices and network addressing schemes

Discover the types of media used to carry data across the network

By the end of this course, you will be able to build simple LANs, perform basic configurations for routers and switches, and implement IP addressing schemes.‌‌

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Kurs haqida umumiy ma'lumot

Kurs sarlavhasida ta'kidlanganidek, ushbu darsning asosiy yo'nalishi tarmoqlarning asoslarini o'rganishga qaratilgan. Ushbu kursda siz asosiy tarmoqlarni tushunish uchun asos yaratadigan amaliy va kontseptual ko'nikmalarni o'rganasiz. Siz quyidagilarni bajarasiz:

Insonning tarmoq bilan aloqasini tekshiring va ular orasidagi o'xshashliklarni ko'ring

Tarmoqlarni rejalashtirish va amalga oshirish uchun ishlatiladigan ikkita asosiy model bilan tanishib chiqing: OSI va TCP / IP

Tarmoqlarga "qatlamli" yondoshish haqida tushunchaga ega bo'ling

Ularning funktsiyalari va xizmatlarini tushunish uchun OSI va TCP / IP qatlamlarini batafsil ko'rib chiqing

Turli xil tarmoq qurilmalari va tarmoq manzillari sxemalari bilan tanishib chiqing

Tarmoq bo'ylab ma'lumotlarni uzatish uchun ishlatiladigan ommaviy axborot vositalarining turlarini kashf eting

Ushbu kurs yakunida siz oddiy LAN-larni qurishingiz, marshrutizatorlar va kalitlarga asosiy konfiguratsiyalarni bajarishingiz va IP-adreslash sxemalarini amalga oshirishingiz mumkin.‌‌

1.01.1

Chapter 1: Exploring the Network

We now stand at a critical turning point in the use of technology to extend and empower our ability to communicate. The globalization of the Internet has succeeded faster than anyone could have imagined. The manner in which social, commercial, political and personal interactions occur is rapidly changing to keep up with the evolution of this global network. In the next stage of our development, innovators will use the Internet as a starting point for their efforts, creating new products and services specifically designed to take advantage of the network capabilities. As developers push the limits of what is possible, the capabilities of the interconnected networks that form the Internet will play an increasing role in the success of these projects.

This chapter introduces the platform of data networks upon which our social and business relationships increasingly depend. The material lays the groundwork for exploring the services, technologies, and issues encountered by network professionals as they design, build, and maintain the modern network.

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Figure is a standard graphic for the introduction and conclusion pages.‌‌

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1-bob: Tarmoqni o'rganish

Biz endi muloqot qilish qobiliyatimizni kengaytirish va kuchaytirish uchun texnologiyadan foydalanishda muhim burilish nuqtasida turibmiz. Internetning globallashuvi har kim tasavvur qilgandan ko'ra tezroq muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Ushbu global tarmoq evolyutsiyasiga mos ravishda ijtimoiy, tijorat, siyosiy va shaxsiy o'zaro munosabatlarning tezkor o'zgarishi. Rivojlanishimizning keyingi bosqichida innovatorlar Internetdan o'zlarining sa'y-harakatlari uchun boshlang'ich nuqta sifatida foydalanadilar, tarmoq imkoniyatlaridan foydalanish uchun maxsus ishlab chiqilgan yangi mahsulotlar va xizmatlarni yaratadilar. Ishlab chiquvchilar mumkin bo'lgan chegaralarni kuchaytirar ekan, Internetni tashkil etuvchi o'zaro bog'liq tarmoqlarning imkoniyatlari ushbu loyihalarni muvaffaqiyatli bajarishda tobora ko'proq rol o'ynaydi.

Ushbu bobda bizning ijtimoiy va ishbilarmonlik munosabatlarimiz tobora ko'proq bog'liq bo'lgan ma'lumotlar tarmoqlari platformasi taqdim etiladi. Material zamonaviy tarmoqni loyihalashtirish, qurish va saqlash vaqtida tarmoq mutaxassislari duch keladigan xizmatlar, texnologiyalar va muammolarni o'rganish uchun asos yaratadi.

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Shakl - kirish va xulosa sahifalari uchun standart grafik.‌‌

1.0.1.2

Class Activity - Draw Your Concept of the Internet

Welcome to a new component of our Networking Academy curriculum: Modeling Activities! You will find them at the beginning and end of each chapter.

Some activities can be completed individually (at home or in class), and some will require group or learning-community interaction. Your instructor will be facilitating so that you can obtain the most from these introductory activities.

These activities will help you enhance your understanding by providing an opportunity to visualize some of the abstract concepts that you will be learning in this course. Be creative and enjoy these activities!

Here is your first modeling activity:

Draw Your Concept of the Internet

Draw and label a map of the Internet as you interpret it now. Include your home or school/university location and its respective cabling, equipment, devices, etc. Some items you may wish to include:

Devices/Equipment

Media (cabling)

Link Addresses or Names

Sources & Destinations

Internet Service Providers

Upon completion, save your work in a hard-copy format, as it will be used for future reference at the end of this chapter. If it is an electronic document, save it to a server location provided by your instructor. Be prepared to share and explain your work in class.

Class Activity - Draw Your Concept of the Internet Instructions

Figure shows a man holding a tablet computer and a smart phone.‌‌

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Sinf faoliyati - Internet haqidagi tushunchangizni chizish

Tarmoq akademiyasi o'quv dasturimizning yangi tarkibiy qismiga xush kelibsiz: Modellashtirish faoliyati! Siz ularni har bir bobning boshida va oxirida topasiz.

Ba'zi mashg'ulotlar yakka tartibda (uyda yoki sinfda) bajarilishi mumkin, ba'zilari esa guruh yoki o'quv-jamoatchilikning o'zaro ta'sirini talab qiladi. Sizning o'qituvchingiz ushbu kirish faoliyatidan maksimal darajada foydalanishingiz uchun sizga yordam beradi.

Ushbu mashg'ulotlar ushbu kursda o'rganadigan ba'zi mavhum tushunchalarni tasavvur qilish uchun imkoniyat yaratib, tushunchangizni oshirishga yordam beradi. Ijodiy bo'ling va ushbu tadbirlardan zavqlaning!

Sizning birinchi modellashtirish faoliyatingiz:

Internet haqidagi tushunchangizni tuzing

Internet xaritasini hozir qanday talqin qilsangiz, chizib oling va belgilang. Uyingiz yoki maktabingiz / universitetingiz joylashgan joy va uning tegishli kabellari, jihozlari, moslamalari va boshqalarni kiriting. Siz kiritishingiz mumkin bo'lgan ba'zi narsalar:

Qurilmalar / uskunalar

Media (kabel)

Manzil yoki ismlarni bog'lang

Manbalar va yo'nalishlar

Internet-provayderlar

Tugatgandan so'ng, o'zingizning ishingizni qog'ozga ko'chirilgan shaklda saqlang, chunki u ushbu bobning oxirida kelgusida murojaat qilish uchun ishlatiladi. Agar bu elektron hujjat bo'lsa, uni o'qituvchingiz tomonidan taqdim etilgan serverga saqlang. Sinfda o'zingizning ishingizni baham ko'rishga va tushuntirishga tayyor bo'ling.

Sinf faoliyati - Internet bo'yicha ko'rsatmalaringizni tuzing

Rasmda bir odam planshet kompyuter va aqlli telefonni ushlab turibdi.

1.1.1.1

Networks in Our Daily Lives

Among all of the essentials for human existence, the need to interact with others ranks just below our need to sustain life. Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and shelter.

In today’s world, through the use of networks, we are connected like never before. People with ideas can communicate instantly with others to make those ideas a reality. News events and discoveries are known worldwide in seconds. Individuals can even connect and play games with friends separated by oceans and continents.

Click Play in the figure to view how connected we are.

Click here to read the transcript of this video.

Figure is a video with the title "How Connected We Are".‌‌

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Bizning kundalik hayotimizdagi tarmoqlar

Inson hayoti uchun zarur bo'lgan barcha narsalar qatorida, boshqalar bilan o'zaro munosabatda bo'lish zarurati hayotni saqlab qolish ehtiyojimizdan bir oz pastroq. Aloqa biz uchun havo, suv, oziq-ovqat va yashash joyiga bo'lgan ishonchimiz kabi deyarli muhimdir.

Bugungi dunyoda, tarmoqlardan foydalanish orqali biz hech qachon bo'lmaganidek bog'langanmiz. G'oyalarga ega odamlar ushbu g'oyalarni amalga oshirish uchun boshqalar bilan bir zumda muloqot qilishlari mumkin. Yangiliklar va kashfiyotlar butun dunyoga bir necha soniya ichida ma'lum. Jismoniy shaxslar hatto okeanlar va qit'alar tomonidan ajratilgan do'stlari bilan bog'lanib, o'yin o'ynashlari mumkin.

Qanday bog'langanligimizni ko'rish uchun rasmdagi "Play" tugmasini bosing.

Ushbu videoning transkriptini o'qish uchun shu erni bosing.

Shakl - "Biz qanday ulanganmiz" sarlavhali video.‌‌

1.1.1.2

Technology Then and Now

Imagine a world without the Internet. No more Google, YouTube, instant messaging, Facebook, Wikipedia, online gaming, Netflix, iTunes, and easy access to current information. No more price comparison websites, avoiding lines by shopping online, or quickly looking up phone numbers and map directions to various locations at the click of a button. How different would our lives be without all of this? That was the world we lived in just 15 to 20 years ago. But over the years, data networks have slowly expanded and been repurposed to improve the quality of life for people everywhere.

Click Play in the figure to watch how the Internet emerged over the last 25 years and see a glimpse into the future! What else do you think we will be able to do using the network as the platform?

Figure is a video with the title "Here’s to Humanity".‌‌

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O'sha paytda va hozirda texnologiya

Internetsiz dunyoni tasavvur qiling. Endi Google, YouTube, tezkor xabar almashish, Facebook, Vikipediya, onlayn o'yinlar, Netflix, iTunes va hozirgi ma'lumotlarga oson kirish imkoniyati yo'q. Endi narxlarni taqqoslaydigan veb-saytlar yo'q, onlayn xarid qilish orqali chiziqlardan qochish yoki tugmachani bosish orqali tezda telefon raqamlarini qidirish va turli joylarga xarita yo'nalishlari. Bularning barchasi bo'lmasa hayotimiz qanchalik boshqacha bo'lar edi? Bu atigi 15-20 yil oldin biz yashagan dunyo edi. Ammo yillar davomida ma'lumotlar tarmoqlari asta-sekin kengayib bordi va hamma joyda odamlar uchun hayot sifatini yaxshilash uchun qayta yo'naltirildi.

So'nggi 25 yil ichida Internet qanday paydo bo'lganini ko'rish va kelajakka qanday qarashni ko'rish uchun rasmdagi "Play" tugmasini bosing! Tarmoqni platforma sifatida ishlatib yana nima qila olamiz deb o'ylaysiz?

Shakl - "Mana insoniyatga" nomli video.‌‌

1.1.1.3

No Boundaries

Advancements in networking technologies are perhaps the most significant changes in the world today. They are helping to create a world in which national borders, geographic distances, and physical limitations become less relevant presenting ever-diminishing obstacles.

The Internet has changed the manner in which social, commercial, political, and personal interactions occur. The immediate nature of communications over the Internet encourages the creation of global communities. Global communities allow for social interaction that is independent of location or time zone. The creation of online communities for the exchange of ideas and information has the potential to increase productivity opportunities across the globe.

Cisco refers to this as the human network. The human network centers on the impact of the Internet and networks on people and businesses.

How has the human network affected you?

Figure is a man and a woman on top of a mountain looking using a mobile device.‌‌

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Chegarasiz

Tarmoq texnologiyalaridagi yutuqlar bugungi kunda dunyodagi eng muhim o'zgarishlar bo'lishi mumkin. Ular milliy chegaralar, geografik masofalar va jismoniy cheklovlar tobora kamayib borayotgan to'siqlarni keltirib chiqaradigan ahamiyatga ega bo'lmagan dunyoni yaratishda yordam berishmoqda.

Internet ijtimoiy, tijorat, siyosiy va shaxsiy o'zaro munosabatlarning shaklini o'zgartirdi. Internet orqali aloqaning bevosita xususiyati global hamjamiyatlarni yaratishga undaydi. Jahon hamjamiyatlari joylashuv yoki vaqt zonasidan mustaqil ravishda ijtimoiy ta'sir o'tkazishga imkon beradi. Fikr va ma'lumot almashish uchun onlayn jamoalarning tashkil etilishi butun dunyoda mahsuldorlikni oshirish imkoniyatiga ega.

Cisco buni inson tarmog'i deb ataydi. Inson tarmog'i Internet va tarmoqlarning odamlar va korxonalarga ta'siriga markazlashadi.

Inson tarmog'i sizga qanday ta'sir qildi?

Shakl - bu tog 'cho'qqisida erkak va ayol mobil qurilmadan foydalanib qarab turibdi.‌‌

1.1.1.4

Networks Support the Way We Learn

Networks have changed the way we learn. Access to high quality instruction is no longer restricted to students living in proximity to where that instruction is being delivered. Click Play in the figure to view a video about the ways that the classroom has expanded.

Online distance learning has removed geographic barriers and improved student opportunity. Robust and reliable networks support and enrich student learning experiences. They deliver learning material in a wide range of formats including interactive activities, assessments, and feedback.

Click here to read the transcript of this video.

Figure is a video with the title "Cisco Vision - Expanding the Classroom".‌‌

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Tarmoqlar biz o'rganadigan usulni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi

Tarmoqlar bizning o'rganish usulimizni o'zgartirdi. Endi yuqori sifatli ta'lim olish uchun ushbu ko'rsatma beriladigan joyga yaqin joyda yashovchi talabalar cheklanmaydi. Sinfni kengaytirish usullari haqida videoni ko'rish uchun rasmdagi "Play" tugmasini bosing.

Onlayn masofadan o'qitish geografik to'siqlarni olib tashladi va talabalar imkoniyatini yaxshiladi. Ishonchli va ishonchli tarmoqlar talabalarni o'rganish tajribalarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi va boyitadi. Ular o'quv materiallarini interaktiv faoliyat, baholash va fikr-mulohazalarni o'z ichiga olgan keng ko'lamli formatlarda etkazib berishadi.

Ushbu videoning transkriptini o'qish uchun shu erni bosing.

Shakl - "Cisco Vision - Sinfni kengaytirish" nomli video.‌‌

1.1.1.5

Networks Support the Way We Communicate

The globalization of the Internet has ushered in new forms of communication that empower individuals to create information that can be accessed by a global audience.

Some forms of communication include:

Texting – Texting enables instant real-time communication between two or more people.

Social Media – Social media consists of interactive websites where people and communities create and share user-generated content with friends, family, peers, and the world.

Collaboration Tools - Without the constraints of location or time zone, collaboration tools allow individuals to communicate with each other, often across real-time interactive video. The broad distribution of data networks means that people in remote locations can contribute on an equal basis with people in the heart of large population centers.

Blogs - Blogs, which is an abbreviation of the word “weblogs”, are web pages that are easy to update and edit. Unlike commercial websites, blogs give anyone a means to communicate their thoughts to a global audience without technical knowledge of web design.

Wikis - Wikis are web pages that groups of people can edit and view together. Whereas a blog is more of an individual, personal journal, a wiki is a group creation. As such, it may be subject to more extensive review and editing. Many businesses use wikis as their internal collaboration tool.

Podcasting - Podcasting allows people to deliver their audio recordings to a wide audience. The audio file is placed on a website (or blog or wiki) where others can download it and play the recording on their computers, laptops, and other mobile devices.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) File Sharing – Peer-to-Peer file sharing allows people to share files with each other without having to store and download them from a central server. The user joins the P2P network by simply installing the P2P software. P2P file sharing has not been embraced by everyone. Many people are concerned about violating the laws of copyrighted materials.

What other sites or tools do you use to share your thoughts?

Figure is a person using a mobile device to take a picture of two women standing if front of a monument.‌‌

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Tarmoqlar biz aloqa qilish usulini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi

Internetning globallashuvi odamlarga global auditoriya tomonidan kirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni yaratishda imkoniyat yaratadigan yangi aloqa turlarini ochdi.

Muloqotning ayrim turlariga quyidagilar kiradi:

SMS yuborish - SMS yuborish ikki yoki undan ortiq kishi o'rtasida real vaqt rejimida tezkor aloqa o'rnatishga imkon beradi.

Ijtimoiy media - Ijtimoiy tarmoqlar interaktiv veb-saytlardan iborat bo'lib, u erda odamlar va jamoalar foydalanuvchi tomonidan yaratilgan kontentni do'stlari, oila a'zolari, tengdoshlari va dunyo bilan baham ko'rishadi va baham ko'rishadi.

Hamkorlik vositalari - Joylashuv va vaqt zonasi cheklovlarisiz, hamkorlik vositalari shaxslarga bir-biri bilan, ko'pincha real vaqtda interaktiv video orqali muloqot qilish imkoniyatini beradi. Ma'lumotlar tarmog'ining keng tarqalishi shuni anglatadiki, uzoq joylardagi odamlar yirik aholi punktlari markazidagi odamlar bilan teng ravishda o'z hissalarini qo'shishlari mumkin.

Bloglar - "veb-bloglar" so'zining qisqartmasi bo'lgan bloglar, yangilanishi va tahrirlanishi oson veb-sahifalar. Tijorat veb-saytlaridan farqli o'laroq, bloglar har kimga veb-dizayn bo'yicha texnik bilimisiz o'z fikrlarini global auditoriyaga etkazish uchun vosita beradi.

Vikilar - Vikilar - bu odamlar guruhlari tahrirlashi va birgalikda ko'rishlari mumkin bo'lgan veb-sahifalar. Blog ko'proq individual, shaxsiy jurnal bo'lsa, viki - bu guruh yaratilishi. Shunday qilib, u yanada kengroq ko'rib chiqilishi va tahrir qilinishi mumkin. Ko'pgina korxonalar vikilarni o'zaro hamkorlik vositasi sifatida ishlatishadi.

Podcasting - Podcasting odamlarga audio yozuvlarini keng auditoriyaga etkazish imkoniyatini beradi. Ovozli fayl veb-saytga (yoki blogga yoki vikiga) joylashtiriladi, u erda boshqalar uni yuklab olishlari va yozuvlarini kompyuterlarida, noutbuklarida va boshqa mobil qurilmalarida ijro etishlari mumkin.

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) fayllarni almashish - Peer-to-peer fayllarini almashish odamlarga fayllarni saqlash va markaziy serverdan yuklab olmasdan bir-birlari bilan bo'lishishga imkon beradi. Foydalanuvchi P2P dasturini oddiygina o'rnatish orqali P2P tarmog'iga qo'shiladi. P2P fayl almashinuvi hamma tomonidan qabul qilinmagan. Ko'p odamlar mualliflik huquqi bilan himoya qilingan materiallar to'g'risidagi qonunlarning buzilishidan xavotirda.

Fikrlaringiz bilan bo'lishish uchun yana qaysi saytlardan yoki vositalardan foydalanasiz?

Shakl - bu mobil qurilmadan foydalanib, yodgorlik oldida turgan ikkita ayolni suratga olish.‌‌

1.1.1.6

Networks Support the Way We Work

In the business world, data networks were initially used by businesses to internally record and manage financial information, customer information, and employee payroll systems. These business networks evolved to enable the transmission of many different types of information services, including email, video, messaging, and telephony.

The use of networks to provide efficient and cost-effective employee training is increasing in acceptance. Online learning opportunities can decrease time-consuming and costly travel, yet still ensure that all employees are adequately trained to perform their jobs in a safe and productive manner.

There are many success stories illustrating innovative ways networks are being used to make us more successful in the workplace. Some of these scenarios are available through the Cisco web site at http://www.cisco.com/web/about/success-stories/index.html.

Figure shows four people working at a table, and they are involved in a webcast with a person remotely.‌‌

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Tarmoqlar bizning ishlash usulimizni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi

Ishbilarmonlik dunyosida ma'lumotlar tarmoqlari dastlab korxonalar tomonidan moliyaviy ma'lumotlarni, mijozlar to'g'risidagi ma'lumotlarni va xodimlarning ish haqi tizimlarini ichki ro'yxatga olish va boshqarish uchun foydalanilgan. Ushbu biznes tarmoqlari elektron pochta, video, xabar almashish va telefoniya kabi turli xil axborot xizmatlarini uzatishni ta'minlash uchun rivojlandi.

Xodimlarni samarali va tejamkor o'qitishni ta'minlash uchun tarmoqlardan foydalanish tobora ko'payib bormoqda. Onlayn o'rganish imkoniyatlari ko'p vaqt va qimmat sayohatlarni kamaytirishi mumkin, ammo baribir barcha xodimlar o'z ishlarini xavfsiz va unumli bajarish uchun etarli darajada o'qitilishini ta'minlaydilar.

Bizni ish joyimizda yanada muvaffaqiyatli qilishimiz uchun tarmoqlardan foydalanilayotgan innovatsion usullarni aks ettiruvchi ko'plab muvaffaqiyat hikoyalari mavjud. Ushbu stsenariylarning ba'zilari http://www.cisco.com/web/about/success-stories/index.html manzilidagi Cisco veb-sayti orqali mavjud.

Rasmda to'rt kishi stolda ishlayotgani ko'rsatilgan va ular odam bilan masofadan turib veb-translyatsiyaga jalb qilingan.‌‌

1.1.1.7

Networks Support the Way We Play

The Internet is used for traditional forms of entertainment. We listen to recording artists, preview or view motion pictures, read entire books, and download material for future offline access. Live sporting events and concerts can be experienced as they are happening, or recorded and viewed on demand.

Networks enable the creation of new forms of entertainment, such as online games. Players participate in any kind of online competition that game designers can imagine. We compete with friends and foes around the world as if we were all in the same room.

Even offline activities are enhanced using network collaboration services. Global communities of interest have grown rapidly. We share common experiences and hobbies well beyond our local neighborhood, city, or region. Sports fans share opinions and facts about their favorite teams. Collectors display prized collections and get expert feedback about them.

Whatever form of recreation we enjoy, networks are improving our experience.

How do you play on the Internet?

Figure is a top view of a family in their living room watching a movie. One child is play a game on a mobile device.‌‌

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Tarmoqlar biz o'ynash usulini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi

Internet an'anaviy o'yin-kulgi turlari uchun ishlatiladi. Biz yozib oluvchi rassomlarni tinglaymiz, kinofilmlarni oldindan ko'rib chiqamiz yoki ko'rib chiqamiz, to'liq kitoblarni o'qiymiz va kelajakda oflayn rejimda kirish uchun material yuklab olamiz. Jonli sport tadbirlari va kontsertlarini ular sodir bo'layotganda boshdan kechirish yoki yozib olish va talabga binoan ko'rish mumkin.

Tarmoqlar o'yin-kulgining yangi turlarini, masalan, onlayn o'yinlarni yaratishga imkon beradi. Aktyorlar o'yin dizaynerlari tasavvur qiladigan har qanday onlayn tanlovda qatnashadilar. Hammamiz bir xonadagidek butun dunyo bo'ylab do'stlarimiz va dushmanlarimiz bilan raqobatlashamiz.

Hatto oflayn harakatlar ham tarmoqdagi hamkorlik xizmatlaridan foydalangan holda yaxshilanadi. Qiziqishning global jamoalari tez o'sdi. Biz o'z mahallamizdan, shaharimizdan yoki viloyatimizdan tashqarida umumiy tajriba va sevimli mashg'ulotlarimiz bilan o'rtoqlashamiz. Sport ishqibozlari sevimli jamoalari haqida fikr va faktlar bilan o'rtoqlashadilar. Kollektsionerlar qimmatbaho to'plamlarni namoyish etadilar va ular haqida mutaxassislarning fikr-mulohazalarini oladilar.

Qaysi turdagi hordiq chiqarishni istasak ham, tarmoqlar bizning tajribamizni yaxshilaydi.

Internetda qanday o'ynaysiz?

Shakl - bu oilaning film tomosha qilayotgan xonasida eng yaxshi ko'rinishi. Bitta bola mobil qurilmada o'yin o'ynaydi.‌‌

1.1.1.8

Lab - Researching Network Collaboration Tools

In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

Part 1: Use Collaboration Tools

Part 2: Share Documents with Google Drive

Part 3: Explore Conferencing and Web Meetings

Part 4: Create Wiki Pages

Lab - Researching Network Collaboration Tools

Figure is standard graphic for a lab page.‌‌

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Laboratoriya - tarmoqdagi hamkorlik vositalarini o'rganish

Ushbu laboratoriyada siz quyidagi maqsadlarni bajarasiz:

1-qism: Hamkorlik vositalaridan foydalaning

2-qism: Google Drive bilan hujjatlarni almashish

3-qism: Konferentsiyalar va veb-uchrashuvlarni o'rganing

4-qism: Wiki-sahifalarni yaratish

Laboratoriya - tarmoqdagi hamkorlik vositalarini o'rganish

Shakl laboratoriya sahifasi uchun standart grafik.‌‌

1.1.2.1

Networks of Many Sizes

Networks come in all sizes. They can range from simple networks consisting of two computers to networks connecting millions of devices. Click the images in the figure to read about networks of different sizes.

Simple networks installed in homes enable sharing of resources, such as printers, documents, pictures and music between a few local computers.

Home office networks and small office networks are often set up by individuals that work from a home or a remote office and need to connect to a corporate network or other centralized resources. Additionally, many self-employed entrepreneurs use home office and small office networks to advertise and sell products, order supplies and communicate with customers.

In businesses and large organizations, networks can be used on an even broader scale to provide consolidation, storage, and access to information on network servers. Networks also allow for rapid communication such as email, instant messaging, and collaboration among employees. In addition to internal benefits, many organizations use their networks to provide products and services to customers through their connection to the Internet.

The Internet is the largest network in existence. In fact, the term Internet means a ‘network of networks’. The Internet is literally a collection of interconnected private and public networks, such as those described above.

Figure shows different sizes and configurations for networks. The first is a small home network. The second is a small office home office, or SOHO. The third is a medium to large networks in an office building. The fourth is world wide networks.‌‌

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Ko'p o'lchamdagi tarmoqlar

Tarmoqlar har qanday o'lchamda. Ular ikkita kompyuterdan iborat oddiy tarmoqlardan tortib, millionlab qurilmalarni birlashtiruvchi tarmoqlarga qadar bo'lishi mumkin. Turli o'lchamdagi tarmoqlar haqida o'qish uchun rasmdagi rasmlarni bosing.

Uylarga o'rnatilgan oddiy tarmoqlar printerlar, hujjatlar, rasmlar va musiqa kabi manbalarni bir nechta mahalliy kompyuterlar o'rtasida bo'lishishga imkon beradi.

Uy ofislari tarmoqlari va kichik ofis tarmoqlari ko'pincha uyda yoki uzoq ofisda ishlaydigan va korporativ tarmoqqa yoki boshqa markazlashtirilgan manbalarga ulanishi kerak bo'lgan shaxslar tomonidan o'rnatiladi. Bundan tashqari, ko'plab yakka tartibdagi tadbirkorlar mahsulotlarni reklama qilish va sotish, materiallarga buyurtma berish va mijozlar bilan aloqa qilish uchun uy ofislari va kichik ofis tarmoqlaridan foydalanadilar.

Korxonalarda va yirik tashkilotlarda tarmoqlar serverlarida ma'lumotni birlashtirish, saqlash va ularga kirishni ta'minlash uchun yanada keng ko'lamda foydalanish mumkin. Shuningdek, tarmoqlar elektron pochta, tezkor xabar almashish va xodimlar o'rtasida hamkorlik kabi tezkor aloqa o'rnatishga imkon beradi. Ichki imtiyozlardan tashqari, ko'plab tashkilotlar o'zlarining tarmoqlaridan Internetga ulanish orqali mijozlarga mahsulot va xizmatlarni taqdim etish uchun foydalanadilar.

Internet mavjud bo'lgan eng yirik tarmoqdir. Aslida, Internet atamasi "tarmoqlar tarmog'i" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Internet so'zma-so'z o'zaro bog'liq bo'lgan xususiy va jamoat tarmoqlarining to'plamidir, masalan, yuqorida tavsiflangan.

Rasmda tarmoqlar uchun har xil o'lcham va konfiguratsiyalar ko'rsatilgan. Birinchisi, kichik uy tarmog'i. Ikkinchisi - bu kichik ofis uyi yoki SOHO. Uchinchisi - ofis binosidagi o'rta va katta tarmoqlar. To'rtinchisi - butun dunyo bo'ylab tarmoqlar.‌‌

1.1.2.2

Clients and Servers

All computers connected to a network that participate directly in network communication are classified as hosts. Hosts are also called end devices.

Servers are computers with software that enable them to provide information, like email or web pages, to other end devices on the network. Each service requires separate server software. For example, a server requires web server software in order to provide web services to the network. A computer with server software can provide services simultaneously to one or many clients. Additionally, a single computer can run multiple types of server software. In a home or small business, it may be necessary for one computer to act as a file server, a web server, and an email server.

Clients are computers with software installed that enable them to request and display the information obtained from the server. An example of client software is a web browser, like Chrome or FireFox. A single computer can also run multiple types of client software. For example, a user can check email and view a web page while instant messaging and listening to Internet radio.

Figure is an interactive media element that is showing three servers and three client computers. The learner can select each and get a brief description. The three servers are paired according to their use, and they are an e-mail server that runs e-mail server software used by the client computer to send and receive e-mail. Next is a web server that hosts web pages and clients use a web browser to access those pages. The third server is a file server which stores files for users and is accessed by a file client to access the files.‌‌

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Mijozlar va serverlar

Tarmoq aloqasida bevosita ishtirok etadigan tarmoqqa ulangan barcha kompyuterlar xostlar deb tasniflanadi. Xostlar so'nggi qurilmalar deb ham ataladi.

Serverlar - bu tarmoqdagi boshqa so'nggi qurilmalarga elektron pochta yoki veb-sahifalar kabi ma'lumotlarni taqdim etishni ta'minlaydigan dasturiy ta'minotga ega kompyuterlar. Har bir xizmat uchun alohida server dasturlari talab qilinadi. Masalan, tarmoq uchun veb-xizmatlarni taqdim etish uchun server veb-server dasturiy ta'minotini talab qiladi. Server dasturiy ta'minotiga ega bo'lgan kompyuter bir yoki bir nechta mijozlarga bir vaqtning o'zida xizmatlarni taqdim etishi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, bitta kompyuter bir nechta turdagi dasturiy ta'minotni ishlatishi mumkin. Uyda yoki kichik korxonada bitta kompyuter uchun fayl serveri, veb-server va elektron pochta serveri sifatida ishlash kerak bo'lishi mumkin.

Mijozlar - bu serverdan olingan ma'lumotlarni so'rash va namoyish qilish imkoniyatini beradigan dasturiy ta'minot o'rnatilgan kompyuterlar. Mijozlarning dasturiy ta'minotiga Chrome yoki FireFox kabi veb-brauzerni misol keltirish mumkin. Bitta kompyuter, shuningdek, bir nechta turdagi mijoz dasturlarini ishlatishi mumkin. Masalan, foydalanuvchi elektron pochtani tekshirishi va tezkor xabar almashish va Internet-radio tinglash paytida veb-sahifani ko'rishi mumkin.

Shakl - uchta server va uchta mijoz kompyuterlarini namoyish etuvchi interaktiv media element. O'quvchi har birini tanlab, qisqacha tavsif olishi mumkin. Uchta serverlar ishlatilishiga qarab birlashtirilgan va ular elektron pochta serverlari bo'lib, ular elektron pochta xabarlarini yuborish va qabul qilish uchun mijoz kompyuter tomonidan foydalaniladigan elektron pochta serveri dasturiy ta'minotini ishlaydi. Keyingi veb-sahifalar joylashtirilgan veb-server va mijozlar ushbu sahifalarga kirish uchun veb-brauzerdan foydalanadilar. Uchinchi server - bu foydalanuvchilar uchun fayllarni saqlaydigan va faylga kirish uchun fayl mijozi tomonidan kiriladigan fayl serveri.‌‌

1.1.2.3

Peer-to-Peer

Client and server software usually runs on separate computers, but it is also possible for one computer to carry out both roles at the same time. In small businesses and homes, many computers function as the servers and clients on the network. This type of network is called a peer-to-peer network.

The advantages and disadvantages of peer-to-peer networking are shown in the figure.

Figure shows two PCs connected. One PC is also connected to a printer and is sharing the printer with the other PC. The figure also lists the advantages and disadvantages of a peer to peer network. The advantages are they are easy to set up, they have less complexity, they are lower cost because network devices and dedicated servers may not be required, and they can be used for simple tasks such as transferring files and sharing printers. The disadvantages are they have no centralized administration, they are not as secure, they are not scalable, and all devices may act as both clients and servers which can slow their performance.‌‌

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Foydalanuvchilararo

Mijoz va server dasturlari odatda alohida kompyuterlarda ishlaydi, ammo bitta kompyuter ikkala rolni bir vaqtning o'zida bajarishi mumkin. Kichik biznes va uylarda ko'plab kompyuterlar tarmoqdagi server va mijoz sifatida ishlaydi. Ushbu turdagi tarmoq peer-to-peer tarmog'i deb ataladi.

Peer-to-peer tarmog'ining afzalliklari va kamchiliklari rasmda ko'rsatilgan.

Rasmda ikkita kompyuter ulanganligi ko'rsatilgan. Bitta kompyuter printerga ulangan va printerni boshqa kompyuter bilan bo'lishmoqda. Shuningdek, rasmda peer to peer tarmog'ining afzalliklari va kamchiliklari keltirilgan. Afzalliklari shundaki, ularni o'rnatish oson, ular unchalik murakkab emas, arzonroq narxga ega, chunki tarmoq qurilmalari va maxsus serverlar talab qilinmasligi mumkin va ular fayllarni uzatish va printerlarni almashish kabi oddiy ishlarda ishlatilishi mumkin. Kamchiliklari shundaki, ular markazlashtirilgan boshqaruvga ega emaslar, ular unchalik xavfsiz emas, ular miqyosi kattalashtirilmaydi va barcha qurilmalar o'zlarining ish faoliyatini sekinlashtirishi mumkin bo'lgan mijozlar va serverlar sifatida harakat qilishlari mumkin.‌‌

1.2.1.1

Overview of Network Components

The path that a message takes from source to destination can be as simple as a single cable connecting one computer to another, or as complex as a collection of networks that literally spans the globe. This network infrastructure provides the stable and reliable channel over which these communications occur.

The network infrastructure contains three categories of network components:

Devices

Media

Services

Click each button in the figure to highlight the corresponding network components.

Devices and media are the physical elements, or hardware, of the network. Hardware is often the visible components of the network platform such as a laptop, PC, switch, router, wireless access point, or the cabling used to connect the devices.

Services include many of the common network applications people use every day, like email hosting services and web hosting services. Processes provide the functionality that directs and moves the messages through the network. Processes are less obvious to us but are critical to the operation of networks.

Figure shows the three categories of network components. The devices shown are a switch, an IP phone, a computer, and a server. The media button highlights all of the cabling. The Services button are software running on a computer and the processes and software that run on a network switch.‌‌

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Tarmoq tarkibiy qismlariga umumiy nuqtai

Xabar manbadan manzilga boradigan yo'l bitta kompyuterni boshqasiga ulaydigan bitta simi singari yoki butun dunyo bo'ylab tarqaladigan tarmoqlar to'plami kabi murakkab bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu tarmoq infratuzilmasi ushbu aloqa mavjud bo'lgan barqaror va ishonchli kanalni ta'minlaydi.

Tarmoq infratuzilmasi uchta toifadagi tarmoq komponentlarini o'z ichiga oladi:

Qurilmalar

OAV

Xizmatlar

Tegishli tarmoq tarkibiy qismlarini ajratib ko'rsatish uchun rasmdagi har bir tugmani bosing.

Qurilmalar va ommaviy axborot vositalari bu tarmoqning fizik elementlari yoki qo'shimcha qurilmalaridir. Uskuna ko'pincha tarmoq platformasining ko'rinadigan tarkibiy qismlari, masalan, noutbuk, kompyuter, kalit, yo'riqnoma, simsiz kirish nuqtasi yoki qurilmalarni ulash uchun ishlatiladigan kabel.

Xizmatlarga odamlar har kuni foydalanadigan ko'plab elektron tarmoq dasturlari kiradi, masalan, elektron pochta orqali xosting xizmatlari va veb-xosting xizmatlari. Jarayonlar tarmoq orqali xabarlarni yo'naltiruvchi va ko'chiradigan funksionallikni ta'minlaydi. Jarayonlar biz uchun unchalik aniq emas, lekin tarmoqlarning ishlashi uchun juda muhimdir.

Rasmda tarmoq tarkibiy qismlarining uchta toifasi ko'rsatilgan. Ko'rsatilgan qurilmalar - bu kalit, IP-telefon, kompyuter va server. Media tugmasi barcha kabellarni ta'kidlaydi. Xizmatlar tugmasi - bu kompyuterda ishlaydigan dastur va tarmoq kalitida ishlaydigan jarayonlar va dasturiy ta'minot.‌‌

1.2.1.2

End Devices

The network devices that people are most familiar with are called end devices. Some examples of end devices are shown in Figure 1.

An end device is either the source or destination of a message transmitted over the network, as shown in the animation in Figure 2. To distinguish one end device from another, each end device on a network is identified by an address. When an end device initiates communication, it uses the address of the destination end device to specify where the message should be sent.

Figure 1 shows a collection of end devices including a desktop computer, a laptop, a printer, an IP phone, a wireless tablet, and a TelePresence endpoint. Figure 2 is an animation of a data packet travelling from one LAN through an Internetwork and arriving at another LAN. The sending device will send the packet to a router, which will read the packet and make a decision on which path to use in order to deliver the packet. The router will then forward the packet towards the destination LAN.‌‌

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Oxirgi qurilmalar

Odamlar eng yaxshi tanish bo'lgan tarmoq qurilmalari so'nggi qurilmalar deb nomlanadi. Yakuniy qurilmalarning ayrim namunalari 1-rasmda keltirilgan.

Yakuniy qurilma - bu 2-rasmdagi animatsiyada ko'rsatilgandek, tarmoq orqali uzatiladigan xabarning manbai yoki manzilidir. Bitta qurilmani boshqasidan farqlash uchun tarmoqdagi har bir so'nggi moslama manzil bilan aniqlanadi. Yakuniy qurilma aloqani boshlaganda, xabarni qaerga yuborish kerakligini belgilash uchun maqsad so'nggi qurilmaning manzilidan foydalanadi.

1-rasmda ish stoli kompyuter, noutbuk, printer, IP-telefon, simsiz planshet va TelePresence so'nggi nuqtasi kabi so'nggi qurilmalar to'plami ko'rsatilgan. 2-rasm - bu bitta LAN-dan Internet tarmog'i orqali sayohat qilib, boshqa LAN-ga etib kelgan ma'lumotlar paketining animatsiyasi. Yuboruvchi qurilma paketni yo'riqchiga yuboradi, u paketni o'qiydi va paketni etkazib berish uchun qaysi yo'ldan foydalanish to'g'risida qaror qabul qiladi. Keyin yo'riqnoma paketni belgilangan LAN tomon yo'naltiradi.‌‌

1.2.1.3

Intermediary Network Devices

Intermediary devices connect the individual end devices to the network and can connect multiple individual networks to form an internetwork. These intermediary devices provide connectivity and ensure that data flows across the network.

Intermediary devices use the destination end device address, in conjunction with information about the network interconnections, to determine the path that messages should take through the network. Examples of the more common intermediary devices and a list of functions are shown in the figure.

Figure is a collection of intermediary devices including a wireless router, a LAN switch, a router, a multilayer switch, and a firewall appliance. Intermediary network devices perform some or all of these functions: Regenerate and retransmit data signals; Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and internetwork; Notify other devices of errors and communication failures; Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure; Classify and direct messages according to priorities; Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings‌‌

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Vositachi tarmoq qurilmalari

Vositachi qurilmalar alohida so'nggi moslamalarni tarmoqqa ulaydi va bir nechta individual tarmoqlarni ulab, Internet tarmog'ini yaratishlari mumkin. Ushbu vositachi qurilmalar ulanishni ta'minlaydi va ma'lumotlar tarmoq bo'ylab oqishini ta'minlaydi.

Vositachi qurilmalar xabarlarning tarmoq orqali o'tishi kerak bo'lgan yo'lni aniqlash uchun tarmoqning o'zaro aloqalari haqidagi ma'lumotlar bilan birgalikda maqsad qurilmaning manzilidan foydalanadilar. Keyinchalik keng tarqalgan vositachilar qurilmalarining namunalari va funktsiyalar ro'yxati rasmda ko'rsatilgan.

Shakl - bu simsiz yo'riqnoma, LAN kalitini, yo'riqchini, ko'p qatlamli kalitni va xavfsizlik devori qurilmasini o'z ichiga olgan vositachilarning to'plami. Vositachi tarmoq qurilmalari ushbu funktsiyalarning bir qismini yoki barchasini bajaradi: Ma'lumot signallarini qayta tiklash va qayta uzatish; Tarmoq va Internet tarmog'i orqali qanday yo'llar borligi haqida ma'lumotni saqlang; Xatolar va aloqa nosozliklari haqida boshqa qurilmalarni xabardor qilish; Havolani uzib qo'yganda alternativ yo'llar bo'ylab to'g'ridan-to'g'ri ma'lumotlar; Xabarlarni ustuvor yo'nalishlarga ko'ra tasniflash va yo'naltirish; Xavfsizlik sozlamalari asosida ma'lumotlar oqimiga ruxsat bering yoki rad eting‌‌

1.2.1.4

Network Media

Communication across a network is carried on a medium. The medium provides the channel over which the message travels from source to destination.

Modern networks primarily use three types of media to interconnect devices and to provide the pathway over which data can be transmitted. As shown in Figure 1, these media are:

Metallic wires within cables - data is encoded into electrical impulses

Glass or plastic fibers (fiber optic cable) - data is encoded as pulses of light

Wireless transmission - data is encoded using wavelengths from the electromagnetic spectrum

Different types of network media have different features and benefits. Not all network media have the same characteristics, nor are they all appropriate for the same purpose.

Figure 2 displays criteria to consider when choosing network media.

Figure 1 shows three types of media. The first is copper cabling, the second is fiber optic cabling and the third is wireless signaling. Figure 2 lists the criteria for choosing media: What is the maximum distance that the media can successfully carry a signal? Into what type of environment will the media be installed? What is the amount of data and the speed at which it must be transmitted? What is the cost of the media and installation?‌‌

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Tarmoq vositalari

Tarmoq orqali aloqa vositada amalga oshiriladi. Vositachi xabar manbadan manzilga o'tadigan kanalni taqdim etadi.

Zamonaviy tarmoqlar birinchi navbatda qurilmalarni o'zaro bog'lash va ma'lumotlar uzatilishi mumkin bo'lgan yo'lni ta'minlash uchun uchta turdagi ommaviy axborot vositalaridan foydalanadi. 1-rasmda ko'rsatilgandek, ushbu vositalar:

Kabel ichidagi metall simlar - ma'lumotlar elektr impulslariga kodlangan

Shisha yoki plastik tolalar (optik tolali kabel) - ma'lumotlar yorug'lik pulslari sifatida kodlangan

Simsiz uzatish - ma'lumotlar elektromagnit spektrdagi to'lqin uzunliklari yordamida kodlanadi

Tarmoq vositalarining har xil turlari har xil xususiyat va afzalliklarga ega. Hamma tarmoq ommaviy axborot vositalari bir xil xususiyatlarga ega emas va ularning barchasi bir xil maqsadga muvofiq emas.

2-rasmda tarmoq ommaviy axborot vositalarini tanlashda hisobga olinadigan mezon ko'rsatilgan.

1-rasmda ommaviy axborot vositalarining uch turi ko'rsatilgan. Birinchisi mis kabellari, ikkinchisi optik tolali kabellar, uchinchisi simsiz signalizatsiya. 2-rasmda ommaviy axborot vositalarini tanlash mezonlari keltirilgan: Ommaviy axborot vositasi signalni qanday maksimal darajada uzata oladi? Media muhitning qaysi turiga o'rnatiladi? Ma'lumotlar miqdori va uni uzatish tezligi qanday? Media va o'rnatish narxi qancha?‌‌

1.2.1.5

Network Representations

Diagrams of networks often use symbols, like those shown in Figure 1, to represent the different devices and connections that make up a network. A diagram provides an easy way to understand how devices in a large network are connected. This type of “picture” of a network is known as a topology diagram. The ability to recognize the logical representations of the physical networking components is critical to being able to visualize the organization and operation of a network.

In addition to these representations, specialized terminology is used when discussing how each of these devices and media connect to each other. Important terms to remember are:

Network Interface Card - A NIC, or LAN adapter, provides the physical connection to the network at the PC or other end device. The media that are connecting the PC to the networking device, plug directly into the NIC (Figure 2).

Physical Port - A connector or outlet on a networking device where the media is connected to an end device or another networking device.

Interface - Specialized ports on a networking device that connect to individual networks. Because routers are used to interconnect networks, the ports on a router are referred to as network interfaces.

Note: Often, the terms port and interface are used interchangeably.

Figure 1 shows the different symbols used in the curriculum for device. End Devices, such as desktop computers, laptops, printers. Intermediary devices, such as switches and routers. Network Media, such as copper cabling and wireless media. Figure 2 shows a close-up photo of a network interface card.‌‌

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Tarmoq vakolatxonalari

Tarmoqlarning diagrammalarida ko'pincha tarmoqni tashkil etuvchi turli xil qurilmalar va ulanishlarni aks ettirish uchun 1-rasmda ko'rsatilganidek belgilar ishlatiladi. Diagramma katta tarmoqdagi qurilmalar qanday ulanganligini tushunishning oson usulini beradi. Tarmoqning ushbu "rasm" turi topologiya diagrammasi sifatida tanilgan. Jismoniy tarmoq tarkibiy qismlarining mantiqiy ko'rinishini bilish qobiliyati tarmoqni tashkil qilish va ishlashini tasavvur qilish uchun juda muhimdir.

Ushbu jihozlardan tashqari, ushbu qurilmalar va ommaviy axborot vositalarining har biri bir-biriga qanday bog'lanishini muhokama qilishda maxsus terminologiya qo'llaniladi. Yodda tutish kerak bo'lgan muhim shartlar:

Tarmoq interfeysi kartasi - NIC yoki LAN adapteri kompyuterga yoki boshqa so'nggi qurilmalarda tarmoqqa jismoniy ulanishni ta'minlaydi. Shaxsiy kompyuterni tarmoq qurilmasiga ulaydigan ommaviy axborot vositalari to'g'ridan-to'g'ri NIC-ga ulanadi (2-rasm).

Jismoniy port - ommaviy axborot vositasi so'nggi qurilmaga yoki boshqa tarmoq qurilmasiga ulangan tarmoq qurilmasidagi ulagich yoki chiqish.

Interfeys - alohida tarmoqlarga ulanadigan tarmoq qurilmasidagi ixtisoslashgan portlar. Routerlar tarmoqlarni o'zaro bog'lash uchun ishlatilganligi sababli, yo'riqnoma ustidagi portlar tarmoq interfeyslari deb ataladi.

Izoh: Ko'pincha, port va interfeys atamalari bir-birining o'rnida ishlatiladi.

1-rasmda qurilma uchun o'quv dasturida ishlatiladigan turli xil belgilar ko'rsatilgan. Oxirgi qurilmalar, masalan, statsionar kompyuterlar, noutbuklar, printerlar. Kommutatorlar va yo'riqnoma kabi vositachi qurilmalar. Mis kabellari va simsiz ommaviy axborot vositalari kabi tarmoq ommaviy axborot vositalari. 2-rasmda tarmoq interfeysi kartasining yaqin fotosurati ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.2.1.6

Topology Diagrams

Topology diagrams are mandatory for anyone working with a network. They provide a visual map of how the network is connected.

There are two types of topology diagrams:

Physical topology diagrams - Identify the physical location of intermediary devices and cable installation. (Figure 1)

Logical topology diagrams - Identify devices, ports, and addressing scheme. (Figure 2)

The topologies shown in the physical and logical diagrams are appropriate for your level of understanding at this point in the course. Search the Internet for “network topology diagrams” to see some more complex examples. If you add the “Cisco” to your search phrase, you will find many topologies using similar icons to what you have seen in this chapter.

Figure 1 shows a physical topology map showing the physical location of devices, such as computers, servers, hubs, switches, and routers. Figure 2 shows a logical topology map that includes interface labels and network addresses.‌‌

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Topologiya diagrammalari

Topologik diagrammalar tarmoq bilan ishlaydigan har bir kishi uchun majburiydir. Ular tarmoqning qanday ulanganligi haqida ingl.

Topologik diagrammalarning ikki turi mavjud:

Fizik topologik diagrammalar - vositachi qurilmalar va kabel o'rnatishni fizik joylashuvini aniqlang. (1-rasm)

Mantiqiy topologik diagrammalar - Qurilmalarni, portlarni va manzillar sxemasini aniqlang. (2-rasm)

Jismoniy va mantiqiy diagrammalarda ko'rsatilgan topologiyalar kursning ushbu nuqtasidagi tushunchangiz darajasiga mos keladi. Keyinchalik murakkab misollarni ko'rish uchun Internetdan "tarmoq topologiyasi diagrammalari" ni qidiring. Agar siz qidiruv iborangizga "Cisco" ni qo'shsangiz, ushbu bobda ko'rgan narsangizga o'xshash belgilar yordamida ko'plab topologiyalarni topasiz.

1-rasmda kompyuterlar, serverlar, hublar, kalitlar va routerlar kabi qurilmalarning fizik joylashuvi ko'rsatilgan fizik topologiya xaritasi ko'rsatilgan. 2-rasmda interfeys yorliqlari va tarmoq manzillarini o'z ichiga olgan mantiqiy topologiya xaritasi ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.2.2.1

Types of Networks

Network infrastructures can vary greatly in terms of:

Size of the area covered

Number of users connected

Number and types of services available

Area of responsibility

The figure illustrates the two most common types of network infrastructures:

Local Area Network (LAN) - A network infrastructure that provides access to users and end devices in a small geographical area, which is typically an enterprise, home, or small business network owned and managed by an individual or IT department.

Wide Area Network (WAN) - A network infrastructure that provides access to other networks over a wide geographical area, which is typically owned and managed by a telecommunications service provider.

Other types of networks include:

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - A network infrastructure that spans a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN (e.g., a city). MANs are typically operated by a single entity such as a large organization.

Wireless LAN (WLAN) - Similar to a LAN but wirelessly interconnects users and end points in a small geographical area.

Storage Area Network (SAN) - A network infrastructure designed to support file servers and provide data storage, retrieval, and replication.

Figure shows the Internet as a wide area network allowing connection between three local area networks, such as a home office, a company's central office and a company branch office.‌‌

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Tarmoq turlari

Tarmoq infratuzilmasi quyidagilar bo'yicha juda farq qilishi mumkin:

Qoplangan maydon hajmi

Ulangan foydalanuvchilar soni

Mavjud xizmatlarning soni va turlari

Mas'uliyat sohasi

Ushbu rasm tarmoq infratuzilmalarining eng keng tarqalgan ikkita turini aks ettiradi:

Mahalliy tarmoq (LAN) - kichik bir geografik hududdagi foydalanuvchilarga va so'nggi qurilmalarga kirishni ta'minlaydigan tarmoq infratuzilmasi, bu odatda korxona, uy yoki kichik biznes tarmog'iga tegishli bo'lib, u individual yoki IT bo'limiga tegishli.

Keng hududiy tarmoq (WAN) - keng geografik hudud bo'ylab boshqa tarmoqlarga kirishni ta'minlaydigan tarmoq infratuzilmasi, odatda telekommunikatsiya xizmatlari ko'rsatuvchi provayder tomonidan egalik qiladi va boshqariladi.

Boshqa tarmoq turlari quyidagilarni o'z ichiga oladi:

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) - LANdan kattaroq, lekin WAN dan kichik (masalan, shahar) jismoniy maydonni qamrab oluvchi tarmoq infratuzilmasi. MANlar odatda bitta tashkilot tomonidan boshqariladi, masalan katta tashkilot.

Simsiz LAN (WLAN) - LANga o'xshash, ammo simsiz ravishda foydalanuvchilarni va kichik geografik hududdagi so'nggi nuqtalarni bir-biriga bog'lab turadi.

Storage Area Network (SAN) - Fayl serverlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash va ma'lumotlarni saqlash, qidirish va ko'paytirishni ta'minlash uchun mo'ljallangan tarmoq infratuzilmasi.

Rasmda Internet uy tarmog'i, kompaniyaning markaziy apparati va kompaniyaning filiali kabi uchta mahalliy tarmoq o'rtasida ulanishga imkon beradigan keng tarmoqli tarmoq sifatida ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.2.2.2

Local Area Networks

LANs are a network infrastructure that spans a small geographical area. Specific features of LANs include:

LANs interconnect end devices in a limited area such as a home, school, office building, or campus.

A LAN is usually administered by a single organization or individual. The administrative control that governs the security and access control policies are enforced on the network level.

LANs provide high speed bandwidth to internal end devices and intermediary devices.

Figure shows a LAN serving a home, a building or a campus. A LAN typically consists of computers, workstations, network servers and VoIP phones.‌‌

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Mahalliy tarmoqlar

LAN - bu kichik geografik hududni qamrab oluvchi tarmoq infratuzilmasi. LANlarning o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga quyidagilar kiradi:

LAN, cheklangan hududdagi uy, maktab, ofis binosi yoki talabalar shaharchasi kabi so'nggi qurilmalarni bir-biriga ulaydi.

LAN odatda bitta tashkilot yoki shaxs tomonidan boshqariladi. Xavfsizlik va kirishni boshqarish siyosatini boshqaradigan ma'muriy nazorat tarmoq darajasida amalga oshiriladi.

LAN mahalliy ichki qurilmalar va vositachi qurilmalarga yuqori tezlikdagi o'tkazuvchanlikni ta'minlaydi.

Rasmda uy, bino yoki talabalar shaharchasiga xizmat ko'rsatuvchi LAN ko'rsatilgan. LAN odatda kompyuterlar, ish stantsiyalari, tarmoq serverlari va VoIP telefonlaridan iborat.‌‌

1.2.2.3

Wide Area Networks

WANs are a network infrastructure that spans a wide geographical area. WANs are typically managed by service providers (SP) or Internet Service Providers (ISP).

Specific features of WANs include:

WANs interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas such as between cities, states, provinces, countries, or continents.

WANs are usually administered by multiple service providers.

WANs typically provide slower speed links between LANs.

Figure shows two LANs connected by a WAN link.‌‌

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Keng hududiy tarmoqlar

WAN - bu keng geografik hududni qamrab oluvchi tarmoq infratuzilmasi. WAN-lar odatda xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar (SP) yoki Internet-provayderlar (ISP) tomonidan boshqariladi.

WAN-larning o'ziga xos xususiyatlariga quyidagilar kiradi:

WAN-lar shaharlarni, shtatlarni, viloyatlarni, mamlakatlarni yoki qit'alar orasidagi keng geografik hududlarda LANlarni bir-biriga bog'lab turadi.

WAN-lar odatda bir nechta xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar tomonidan boshqariladi.

WAN-lar odatda LAN o'rtasida sekinroq tezlikni bog'laydi.

Rasmda WAN aloqasi bilan bog'langan ikkita mahalliy tarmoq ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.2.3.1

The Internet

The Internet is a worldwide collection of interconnected networks (internetworks or internet for short). The figure shows one way to view the Internet as a collection of interconnected LANs and WANs. Some of the LAN examples are connected to each other through a WAN connection. WANs are then connected to each other. The red WAN connection lines represent all the varieties of ways we connect networks. WANs can connect through copper wires, fiber optic cables, and wireless transmissions (not shown).

The Internet is not owned by any individual or group. Ensuring effective communication across this diverse infrastructure requires the application of consistent and commonly recognized technologies and standards as well as the cooperation of many network administration agencies. There are organizations that have been developed for the purpose of helping to maintain structure and standardization of Internet protocols and processes. These organizations include the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), and the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), plus many others.

Note: The term internet (with a lower case “i") is used to describe multiple networks interconnected. When referring to the global system of interconnected computer networks or the World Wide Web, the term Internet (with a capital “I”) is used.

Figure shows a collection of interconnected local area networks forming the Internet.‌‌

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Internet

Internet - bu butun dunyo bo'ylab o'zaro bog'liq tarmoqlarning to'plami (Internetworks yoki qisqacha Internet). Rasmda Internetni o'zaro bog'liq LAN va WAN yig'indisi sifatida ko'rishning bir usuli ko'rsatilgan. LAN misollarining ba'zilari bir-biriga WAN aloqasi orqali ulangan. Keyinchalik WAN-lar bir-biriga ulanadi. Qizil WAN ulanish liniyalari tarmoqlarni ulash usullarining barcha turlarini aks ettiradi. WAN-lar mis simlar, optik tolali kabellar va simsiz uzatmalar orqali ulanishi mumkin (ko'rsatilmagan).

Internet biron bir shaxs yoki guruhga tegishli emas. Ushbu xilma-xil infratuzilma bo'yicha samarali aloqani ta'minlash uchun izchil va umumiy tan olingan texnologiyalar va standartlarni qo'llash hamda ko'plab tarmoq ma'muriyati agentliklarining hamkorligi talab etiladi. Internet protokollari va jarayonlarini tuzilishi va standartlashtirishga yordam berish maqsadida ishlab chiqilgan tashkilotlar mavjud. Ushbu tashkilotlarga Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Belgilangan nomlar va raqamlar bo'yicha Internet Corporation (ICANN) va Internet Architecture Board (IAB) va boshqalar kiradi.

Izoh: Internet atamasi (kichik harf bilan "i") bir-biriga bog'langan bir nechta tarmoqlarni tavsiflash uchun ishlatiladi, o'zaro bog'liq kompyuter tarmoqlari global tizimi yoki World Wide Web-ga murojaat qilganda, Internet atamasi ("I" kapitali bilan) ishlatilgan.

Rasmda Internetni tashkil etuvchi o'zaro bog'liq lokal tarmoqlar to'plami ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.2.3.2

Intranets and Extranets

There are two other terms which are similar to the term Internet:

Intranet

Extranet

Intranet is a term often used to refer to a private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization, and is designed to be accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization.

An organization may use an extranet to provide secure and safe access to individuals who work for a different organization, but require access to the organization’s data. Examples of extranets include:

A company that is providing access to outside suppliers and contractors.

A hospital that is providing a booking system to doctors so they can make appointments for their patients.

A local office of education that is providing budget and personnel information to the schools in its district.

Figure shows the difference between an intranet and an extranet. The intranet is only accessible from within the organization, and the extranet is accessible outside the company.‌‌

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Intranetlar va ekstranetlar

Internet atamasiga o'xshash yana ikkita atama mavjud:

Intranet

Extranet

Intranet - bu ko'pincha tashkilotga tegishli bo'lgan LAN va WAN-larning shaxsiy ulanishiga ishora qilish uchun ishlatiladigan atama bo'lib, faqat tashkilot a'zolari, xodimlari yoki boshqalar tomonidan avtorizatsiya qilingan holda kirish uchun mo'ljallangan.

Tashkilot boshqa tashkilotda ishlaydigan shaxslarga xavfsiz va xavfsiz kirishni ta'minlash uchun extranetdan foydalanishi mumkin, ammo tashkilot ma'lumotlariga kirishni talab qiladi. Ekstranetlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

Tashqi etkazib beruvchilar va pudratchilarga kirishni ta'minlaydigan kompaniya.

Shifokorlarga bron qilish tizimini taqdim etadigan shifoxona, ular o'z bemorlariga yozilishlarini amalga oshirishi mumkin.

O'z tumanidagi maktablarni byudjet va kadrlar bilan ta'minlash bo'yicha mahalliy ta'lim bo'limi.

Rasmda intranet va ekstranet o'rtasidagi farq ko'rsatilgan. Intranetga faqat tashkilot ichidan kirish mumkin, ekstranetga esa kompaniyadan tashqarida kirish mumkin.‌‌

1.2.4.1

Internet Access Technologies

There are many different ways to connect users and organizations to the Internet.

Home users, teleworkers (remote workers), and small offices typically require a connection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) to access the Internet. Connection options vary greatly between ISP and geographical location. However, popular choices include broadband cable, broadband digital subscriber line (DSL), wireless WANs, and mobile services.

Organizations typically require access to other corporate sites and the Internet. Fast connections are required to support business services including IP phones, video conferencing, and data center storage.

Business-class interconnections are usually provided by service providers (SP). Popular business-class services include business DSL, leased lines, and Metro Ethernet.

Figure shows a globe with network cables plugged into it representing the Internet.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Internetga kirish texnologiyalari

Foydalanuvchilar va tashkilotlarni Internetga ulashning turli xil usullari mavjud.

Uy foydalanuvchilari, uzoqdan ishlaydigan xodimlar (uzoqdan ishlaydigan ishchilar) va kichik idoralar odatda Internetga kirish uchun Internet provayderiga (ISP) ulanishni talab qiladilar. Ulanish imkoniyatlari Internet-provayder va geografik joylashuv o'rtasida juda farq qiladi. Shu bilan birga, mashhur tanlov orasida keng polosali kabel, keng polosali raqamli abonent liniyasi (DSL), simsiz WAN va uyali aloqa xizmatlari mavjud.

Tashkilotlar odatda boshqa korporativ saytlarga va Internetga kirishni talab qiladi. IP-telefonlar, videokonferentsiyalar va ma'lumotlar markazini saqlash kabi biznes xizmatlarini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tezkor ulanishlar talab qilinadi.

Biznes-klassdagi o'zaro aloqalar odatda xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar (SP) tomonidan ta'minlanadi. Biznes-klassdagi mashhur xizmatlarga biznes DSL, ijaraga olingan liniyalar va Metro Ethernet kiradi.

Rasmda Internetga ulangan tarmoq kabellari ulangan globus ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.2.4.2

Home and Small Office Internet Connections

The figure illustrates common connection options for small office and home office users:

Cable - Typically offered by cable television service providers, the Internet data signal is carried on the same cable that delivers cable television. It provides a high bandwidth, always on, connection to the Internet.

DSL - Digital Subscriber Lines provide a high bandwidth, always on, connection to the Internet. DSL runs over a telephone line. In general, small office and home office users connect using Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL), which means that the download speed is faster than the upload speed.

Cellular - Cellular Internet access uses a cell phone network to connect. Wherever you can get a cellular signal, you can get cellular Internet access. Performance will be limited by the capabilities of the phone and the cell tower to which it is connected.

Satellite - The availability of satellite Internet access is a real benefit in those areas that would otherwise have no Internet connectivity at all. Satellite dishes require a clear line of sight to the satellite.

Dial-up Telephone - An inexpensive option that uses any phone line and a modem. The low bandwidth provided by a dial-up modem connection is usually not sufficient for large data transfer, although it is useful for mobile access while traveling.

Many homes and small offices are more commonly being connected directly with fiber optic cables. This enables an ISP to provide higher bandwidth speeds and support more services such as Internet, phone, and TV.

The choice of connection varies depending on geographical location and service provider availability.

Figure shows options for connecting to the Internet. Options listed include DSL, cable, cellular, satellite and dial-up telephone.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Uy va kichik ofis Internet aloqalari

Ushbu rasm kichik ofis va uy ofislari foydalanuvchilari uchun umumiy ulanish imkoniyatlarini aks ettiradi:

Kabel - Odatda kabel televideniesi provayderlari tomonidan taqdim etiladigan Internet ma'lumot signallari kabel televideniesini etkazib beradigan kabel orqali uzatiladi. Bu yuqori tarmoqli o'tkazuvchanlikni ta'minlaydi, har doim Internetga ulanadi.

DSL - Raqamli abonent liniyalari yuqori tarmoqli o'tkazuvchanlikni ta'minlaydi, har doim Internetga ulanadi. DSL telefon liniyasi orqali ishlaydi. Umuman olganda, kichik ofis va uy ofislari foydalanuvchilari assimetrik DSL (ADSL) yordamida ulanishadi, ya'ni yuklash tezligi yuklash tezligidan tezroq.

Uyali aloqa - Internetga ulanish uchun ulanish uchun uyali telefon tarmog'i ishlatiladi. Qaerda bo'lmasin uyali signalni olishingiz mumkin, siz uyali Internetga kirishingiz mumkin. Ishlash telefonning imkoniyatlari va u ulangan uyali minora bilan cheklanadi.

Sun'iy yo'ldosh - Internetga sun'iy yo'ldosh bilan kirish, umuman Internetga ulanish imkoniyati bo'lmagan joylarda haqiqiy foyda keltiradi. Sun'iy yo'ldosh antennalari sun'iy yo'ldoshning aniq ko'rinishini talab qiladi.

Dial-up Phone - har qanday telefon liniyasi va modemdan foydalanadigan arzon variant. Dial-up modem aloqasi bilan ta'minlangan past tarmoqli kengligi odatda katta ma'lumot uzatish uchun etarli emas, garchi u sayohat paytida mobil kirish uchun foydalidir.

Ko'pgina uylar va kichik idoralar ko'proq to'g'ridan-to'g'ri optik tolali kabellar bilan bog'langan. Bu Internet-provayderga yuqori o'tkazuvchanlik tezligini ta'minlash va Internet, telefon va televizor kabi ko'plab xizmatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashga imkon beradi.

Ulanishni tanlash geografik joylashuvga va xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayder mavjudligiga qarab farq qiladi.

Rasmda Internetga ulanish imkoniyatlari ko'rsatilgan. Ro'yxatdagi variantlarga DSL, kabel, uyali, sun'iy yo'ldosh va raqamli telefon kiradi.‌‌

1.2.4.3

Businesses Internet Connections

Corporate connection options differ from home user options. Businesses may require higher bandwidth, dedicated bandwidth, and managed services. Connection options available differ depending on the type of service providers located nearby.

The figure illustrates common connection options for businesses:

Dedicated Leased Line - Leased lines are actually reserved circuits within the service provider’s network that connect geographically separated offices for private voice and/or data networking. The circuits are typically rented at a monthly or yearly rate. They can be expensive.

Ethernet WAN - Ethernet WANs extend LAN access technology into the WAN. Ethernet is a LAN technology you will learn about in a later chapter. The benefits of Ethernet are now being extended into the WAN.

DSL - Business DSL is available in various formats. A popular choice is Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (SDSL) which is similar to the consumer version of DSL, but provides uploads and downloads at the same speeds.

Satellite - Similar to small office and home office users, satellite service can provide a connection when a wired solution is not available.

The choice of connection varies depending on geographical location and service provider availability.

Figure shows connection options for businesses, these include dedicated leased lines, a Metro Ethernet, DSL and satellite.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Internet-aloqalar

Korporativ ulanish imkoniyatlari uy foydalanuvchisi parametrlaridan farq qiladi. Korxonalar yuqori o'tkazuvchanlik, maxsus o'tkazuvchanlik va boshqariladigan xizmatlarni talab qilishi mumkin. Mavjud ulanish imkoniyatlari yaqin joylashgan xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar turiga qarab farqlanadi.

Ushbu rasm korxonalar uchun umumiy ulanish imkoniyatlarini aks ettiradi:

Maxsus ijaraga olingan chiziq - ijaraga olingan liniyalar, aslida, xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayder tarmog'idagi zaxiralangan sxemalar bo'lib, ular shaxsiy ovozli va / yoki ma'lumotlar tarmog'i uchun geografik jihatdan ajratilgan idoralarni birlashtiradi. O'chirish sxemalari odatda oylik yoki yillik narxda ijaraga olinadi. Ular qimmat bo'lishi mumkin.

Ethernet WAN - Ethernet WAN-lar LAN-ga kirish texnologiyasini WAN-ga kengaytiradi. Ethernet - bu LAN texnologiyasi, bu haqda keyingi bobda bilib olasiz. Ethernet-ning afzalliklari endi WAN-ga kengaytirilmoqda.

DSL - Business DSL turli formatlarda mavjud. Ommabop tanlov - bu DSL-ning iste'molchi versiyasiga o'xshash, ammo bir xil tezlikda yuklash va yuklab olishni ta'minlaydigan Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines (SDSL).

Sun'iy yo'ldosh - kichik ofis va uy ofislari foydalanuvchilariga o'xshash sun'iy yo'ldosh xizmati simli echim mavjud bo'lmaganda ulanishni ta'minlay oladi.

Ulanishni tanlash geografik joylashuvga va xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayder mavjudligiga qarab farq qiladi.

Rasmda korxonalar uchun ulanish imkoniyatlari ko'rsatilgan, ularga maxsus ajratilgan liniyalar, Metro Ethernet, DSL va sun'iy yo'ldosh kiradi.‌‌

1.2.4.4

Packet Tracer - Help and Navigation Tips

Packet Tracer is a fun, take-home, flexible software program which will help you with your Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) studies. Packet Tracer allows you to experiment with network behavior, build network models, and ask "what if" questions. In this activity, you will explore a relatively complex network that highlights a few of Packet Tracer’s features. While doing so, you will learn how to access Help and the tutorials. You will also learn how to switch between various modes and workspaces.

Packet Tracer – Help and Navigation Tips Instructions

Packet Tracer – Help and Navigation Tips - PKA

Figure is standard graphic for a Packet Tracer page.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Packet Tracer - yordam va navigatsiya bo'yicha maslahatlar

Packet Tracer - bu qiziqarli, uyga olib boriladigan, moslashuvchan dasturiy ta'minot dasturi, bu sizning Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) tadqiqotlaringizda sizga yordam beradi. Packet Tracer sizga tarmoqdagi xatti-harakatlar bilan tajriba o'tkazishga, tarmoq modellarini yaratishga va "nima bo'lsa" degan savollarni berishga imkon beradi. Ushbu faoliyatda siz Packet Tracer-ning bir nechta xususiyatlarini ta'kidlaydigan nisbatan murakkab tarmoqni o'rganasiz. Shunday qilib, siz Yordam va o'quv qo'llanmalariga qanday kirishni o'rganasiz. Shuningdek, siz turli xil rejimlar va ish joylari o'rtasida qanday o'tishni o'rganasiz.

Packet Tracer - Yordam va navigatsiya bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar

Packet Tracer - Yordam va navigatsiya bo'yicha maslahatlar - PKA

Shakl Packet Tracer sahifasi uchun standart grafik.‌‌

1.2.4.5

Packet Tracer - Network Representation

In this activity, you will explore how Packet Tracer serves as a modeling tool for network representations.

Packet Tracer - Network Representation Instructions

Packet Tracer - Network Representation - PKA

Figure is standard graphic for a Packet Tracer page.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Packet Tracer - Tarmoq vakili

Ushbu faoliyatda siz Packet Tracer-ning tarmoq vakolatxonalari uchun modellashtirish vositasi sifatida qanday ishlashini o'rganasiz.

Packet Tracer - Tarmoqni namoyish qilish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar

Packet Tracer - Tarmoq vakili - PKA

Shakl Packet Tracer sahifasi uchun standart grafik.‌‌

1.3.1.1

Traditional Separate Networks

Consider a school built thirty years ago. Back then, some classrooms were cabled for the data network, telephone network, and video network for televisions. These separate networks could not communicate with each other, as shown in the figure. Each network used different technologies to carry the communication signal. Each network had its own set of rules and standards to ensure successful communication.

Figure shows three independent networks, each running a different service. The first one is running a computer data network. The second network is running a telephone network and the third is running a broadcast media network.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

An'anaviy alohida tarmoqlar

O'ttiz yil oldin qurilgan maktabni ko'rib chiqing. O'sha paytlarda ba'zi sinflar ma'lumotlar tarmog'i, telefon tarmog'i va televizorlar uchun video tarmoq uchun kabelga ulangan edi. Ushbu alohida tarmoqlar rasmda ko'rsatilgandek, bir-biri bilan aloqa o'rnatolmadi. Har bir tarmoq aloqa signalini o'tkazish uchun turli xil texnologiyalardan foydalangan. Muvaffaqiyatli aloqani ta'minlash uchun har bir tarmoq o'z qoidalari va standartlariga ega edi.

Rasmda har biri alohida xizmat ko'rsatadigan uchta mustaqil tarmoq ko'rsatilgan. Birinchisi, kompyuter ma'lumotlari tarmog'ini boshqaradi. Ikkinchi tarmoq telefon tarmog'ini, uchinchisi esa translyatsiya qilingan media tarmog'ini ishlaydi.‌‌

1.3.1.2

The Converging Network

Today, the separate data, telephone, and video networks are converging. Unlike dedicated networks, converged networks are capable of delivering data, voice, and video between many different types of devices over the same network infrastructure, as shown in the figure. This network infrastructure uses the same set of rules, agreements, and implementation standards.

Figure shows a converged network, which is one network running all previously mentioned services.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Yaqinlashayotgan tarmoq

Bugungi kunda alohida ma'lumotlar, telefon va video tarmoqlar birlashmoqda. Maxsus tarmoqlardan farqli o'laroq, birlashtirilgan tarmoqlar rasmda ko'rsatilgandek bir xil tarmoq infratuzilmasi orqali turli xil turdagi qurilmalar o'rtasida ma'lumotlar, ovoz va videoni etkazib berishga qodir. Ushbu tarmoq infratuzilmasi bir xil qoidalar, kelishuvlar va amalga oshirish standartlaridan foydalanadi.

Rasmda birlashtirilgan tarmoq ko'rsatilgan bo'lib, u avval aytib o'tilgan barcha xizmatlarni ishlaydigan bitta tarmoqdir.‌‌

1.3.1.3

Lab – Researching Converged Network Services

In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

Part 1: Survey Your Understanding of Convergence

Part 2: Research ISPs Offering Converged Services

Part 3: Research Local ISPs Offering Converged Services

Part 4: Select Best Local ISP Converged Service

Part 5: Research Local Company or Public Institution Using Convergence Technologies

Lab - Researching Converged Network Services

.

Figure is standard graphic for a lab page.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Laboratoriya - konvergent tarmoq xizmatlarini o'rganish

Ushbu laboratoriyada siz quyidagi maqsadlarni bajarasiz:

1-qism: Konvergentsiya haqidagi tushunchangizni o'rganish

2-qism: Konvertorli xizmatlarni taklif qiluvchi Internet-provayderlarni o'rganish

3-qism: Konvertorli xizmatlarni taklif qiluvchi mahalliy Internet-provayderlarni o'rganish

4-qism: Eng yaxshi mahalliy Internet-provayderni konvertorli xizmatini tanlang

5-qism: Konvergentsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalangan holda mahalliy kompaniya yoki davlat muassasalarini tadqiq qilish

Laboratoriya - konvergent tarmoq xizmatlarini o'rganish

.

Shakl laboratoriya sahifasi uchun standart grafik.‌‌

1.3.2.1

Network Architecture

Networks must support a wide range of applications and services, as well as operate over many different types of cables and devices, which make up the physical infrastructure. The term network architecture, in this context, refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure and the programmed services and rules, or protocols, that move data across the network.

As networks evolve, we are discovering that there are four basic characteristics that the underlying architectures need to address in order to meet user expectations:

Fault Tolerance

Scalability

Quality of Service (QoS)

Security

Figure shows a graphic labeled with the four characteristics of reliable networks: fault tolerance, scalability, QoS, and security.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Tarmoq me'morchiligi

Tarmoqlar keng ko'lamli dasturlar va xizmatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlashi, shuningdek, jismoniy infratuzilmani tashkil etuvchi har xil turdagi kabellar va qurilmalar ustida ishlashi kerak. Tarmoq arxitekturasi atamasi, shu nuqtai nazardan, infratuzilmani qo'llab-quvvatlovchi texnologiyalarni va tarmoq bo'ylab ma'lumotlarni ko'chiradigan dasturlashtirilgan xizmatlarni va qoidalarni yoki protokollarni anglatadi.

Tarmoqlar rivojlanib borishi bilan biz foydalanuvchi kutishlarini qondirish uchun asosiy me'morchiliklarni ko'rib chiqish kerak bo'lgan to'rtta asosiy xususiyatlar mavjudligini aniqlaymiz:

Xatolarga bardoshlik

Miqyosi

Xizmat sifati (QoS)

Xavfsizlik

Rasmda ishonchli tarmoqlarning to'rtta xususiyati ko'rsatilgan yoriqlar ko'rsatilgan: nosozliklarga bardoshlilik, miqyosi, QoS va xavfsizlik.‌‌

1.3.2.2

Fault Tolerance

The expectation is that the Internet is always available to the millions of users who rely on it. This requires a network architecture that is built to be fault tolerant. A fault tolerant network is one that limits the impact of a failure, so that the fewest number of devices are affected. It is also built in a way that allows quick recovery when such a failure occurs. These networks depend on multiple paths between the source and destination of a message. If one path fails, the messages can be instantly sent over a different link. Having multiple paths to a destination is known as redundancy.

One way reliable networks provide redundancy is by implementing a packet-switched network. Packet switching splits traffic into packets that are routed over a shared network. A single message, such as an email or a video stream, is broken into multiple message blocks, called packets. Each packet has the necessary addressing information of the source and destination of the message. The routers within the network switch the packets based on the condition of the network at that moment. This means that all the packets in a single message could take very different paths to the destination. In the figure, the user is not aware and is unaffected by the router dynamically changing the route when a link fails.

This is not the case in circuit-switched networks traditionally used for voice communications. A circuit-switched network is one that establishes a dedicated circuit between the source and destination before the users may communicate. If the call is unexpectedly terminated, the users must initiate a new connection.

Figure shows redundant links between routers which allow for alternate paths providing fault tolerance.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Xatolarga bardoshlik

Kutilish shuki, Internet doimo unga ishonadigan millionlab foydalanuvchilar uchun mavjuddir. Bu xatolarga bardoshli bo'lishi uchun qurilgan tarmoq arxitekturasini talab qiladi. Nosozliklarga chidamli tarmoq - bu nosozlik ta'sirini cheklaydi, shuning uchun eng kam sonli qurilmalar ta'sir qiladi. Bundan tashqari, bunday nosozlik yuz berganda tezda tiklanishiga imkon beradigan tarzda qurilgan. Ushbu tarmoqlar xabarning manbai va manzili o'rtasida bir nechta yo'llarga bog'liq. Agar bitta yo'l bajarilmasa, xabarlar darhol boshqa havola orqali yuborilishi mumkin. Belgilangan joyga boradigan bir nechta yo'llar ortiqcha deb nomlanadi.

Ishonchli tarmoqlarning ortiqcha ishlashini ta'minlashning usullaridan biri bu paketli tarmoqni amalga oshirishdir. Paketni almashtirish trafikni umumiy tarmoq orqali uzatiladigan paketlarga ajratadi. Elektron pochta yoki video oqim kabi bitta xabar paketlar deb nomlangan bir nechta xabar bloklariga bo'linadi. Har bir paketda xabar manbai va manzilining kerakli manzil ma'lumotlari mavjud. Tarmoq ichidagi marshrutizatorlar paketning o'sha paytdagi holatiga qarab almashadilar. Bu shuni anglatadiki, bitta xabardagi barcha paketlar manzilga juda boshqacha yo'llarni bosib o'tishlari mumkin. Rasmda foydalanuvchi xabardor emas va ulanish ishlamay qolganda yo'riqnoma marshrutni dinamik ravishda o'zgartirishi unga ta'sir qilmaydi.

An'anaviy ravishda ovozli aloqa uchun ishlatiladigan o'chirib yoqiladigan tarmoqlarda bunday holat mavjud emas. Elektr uzatish tarmog'i - bu foydalanuvchilar bilan aloqa qilishdan oldin manba va manzil o'rtasida ajratilgan sxemani o'rnatadigan tarmoq. Agar qo'ng'iroq kutilmaganda to'xtatilsa, foydalanuvchilar yangi ulanishni boshlashlari kerak.

Rasmda marshrutizatorlar orasidagi ortiqcha bog'lanishlar ko'rsatilgan bo'lib, ular nosozliklarga chidamliligini ta'minlaydigan muqobil yo'llarni yaratishga imkon beradi.‌‌

1.3.2.3

Scalability

A scalable network can expand quickly to support new users and applications without impacting the performance of the service being delivered to existing users. The figure shows how a new network can be easily added to an existing network. In addition, networks are scalable because the designers follow accepted standards and protocols. This allows software and hardware vendors to focus on improving products and services without worrying about designing a new set of rules for operating within the network.

Figure shows devices easily being added to existing network, demonstrating scalability.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Miqyosi

Kengaytirilgan tarmoq yangi foydalanuvchilar va dasturlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun tezda kengayib, mavjud foydalanuvchilarga etkazib beriladigan xizmatning ishlashiga ta'sir ko'rsatmaydi. Rasmda mavjud bo'lgan tarmoqqa qanday qilib yangi tarmoqni osongina qo'shish mumkinligi ko'rsatilgan. Bundan tashqari, tarmoqlar kengaytirilishi mumkin, chunki dizaynerlar qabul qilingan standartlar va protokollarga amal qilishadi. Bu dasturiy ta'minot va apparat ta'minotchilariga tarmoq ichida ishlash uchun yangi qoidalar to'plamini ishlab chiqishda tashvishlanmasdan mahsulot va xizmatlarni yaxshilashga e'tibor qaratishlariga imkon beradi.

Rasmda mavjud tarmoqqa osongina qo'shiladigan qurilmalar ko'rsatilgan bo'lib, ular ko'lamini kengaytirishi mumkin.‌‌

1.3.2.4

Quality of Service

Quality of Service (QoS) is also an ever increasing requirement of networks today. New applications available to users over internetworks, such as voice and live video transmissions, create higher expectations for the quality of the delivered services. Have you ever tried to watch a video with constant breaks and pauses? As data, voice, and video content continue to converge onto the same network, QoS becomes a primary mechanism for managing congestion and ensuring reliable delivery of content to all users.

Congestion occurs when the demand for bandwidth exceeds the amount available. Network bandwidth is measured in the number of bits that can be transmitted in a single second, or bits per second (bps). When simultaneous communications are attempted across the network, the demand for network bandwidth can exceed its availability, creating network congestion.

When the volume of traffic is greater than what can be transported across the network, devices queue, or hold, the packets in memory until resources become available to transmit them. In the figure, one user is requesting a web page and another is on a phone call. With a QoS policy in place, the router can manage the flow of data and voice traffic, giving priority to voice communications if the network experiences congestion.

Figure shows how quality of service will guarantee proper data delivery. For example, web pages will have a lower priority and streaming media will be given higher priority to ensure uninterrupted user experience.‌‌

Tarjima: en-uz

Xizmat sifati

Xizmat ko'rsatish sifati (QoS) bugungi kunda tarmoqlarning tobora ortib borayotgan talabidir. Ovozli va jonli video uzatmalar kabi internet tarmoqlari orqali foydalanuvchilarga taqdim etiladigan yangi dasturlar taqdim etilayotgan xizmatlarning sifatiga nisbatan yuqori talablarni yaratmoqda. Doimiy tanaffuslar va pauzalar bilan videoni ko'rishga harakat qildingizmi? Ma'lumotlar, ovozli va video tarkib bir xil tarmoqqa birlashishda davom etar ekan, QoS tirbandlikni boshqarish va tarkibni barcha foydalanuvchilarga ishonchli etkazib berishni ta'minlashning asosiy mexanizmiga aylanadi.

Tiqilish tarmoqli kengligi uchun talab mavjud miqdordan oshib ketganda paydo bo'ladi. Tarmoqning o'tkazuvchanligi bir soniyada uzatilishi mumkin bo'lgan bitlar soniyasida yoki soniyada bitlar soniyasida (bps) o'lchanadi. Tarmoq bo'ylab bir vaqtning o'zida aloqa o'rnatishga harakat qilinganda, tarmoq o'tkazuvchanligiga bo'lgan talab uning mavjudligidan oshib ketishi va tarmoqdagi tirbandlikni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.

Trafik hajmi tarmoq orqali uzatilishi mumkin bo'lgan narsalardan kattaroq bo'lganda, qurilmalar navbatda turishi yoki ushlab turilishi mumkin, paketlar xotirada ularni uzatish uchun resurslar paydo bo'lguncha. Rasmda bitta foydalanuvchi veb-sahifani talab qilmoqda, boshqasi esa telefon orqali. QoS siyosati mavjud bo'lsa, yo'riqnoma ma'lumotlar oqimini va ovozli trafikni boshqarishi mumkin, agar tarmoq tiqilib qolsa, ovozli aloqalarga ustunlik beradi.

Rasmda ko'rsatilishicha, xizmat ko'rsatish sifati qanday qilib ma'lumotlarni to'g'ri etkazib berishni kafolatlaydi. Masalan, veb-sahifalar ustuvorligi past bo'ladi va foydalanuvchi uzluksiz ishlashini ta'minlash uchun oqim tashuvchi vositalarga katta ustuvorlik beriladi.‌‌

1.3.2.5

Security

The network infrastructure, services, and the data contained on network-attached devices are crucial personal and business assets. There are two types of network security concerns that must be addressed: network infrastructure security and information security.

Securing a network infrastructure includes the physical securing of devices that provide network connectivity, and preventing unauthorized access to the management software that resides on them, as shown in Figure 1.

Information security refers to protecting the information contained within the packets being transmitted over the network and the information stored on network attached devices. In order to achieve the goals of network security, there are three primary requirements, as shown in Figure 2:

Confidentiality - Data confidentiality means that only the intended and authorized recipients can access and read data.

Integrity - Data integrity means having the assurance that the information has not been altered in transmission, from origin to destination.

Availability - Data availability means having the assurance of timely and reliable access to data services for authorized users.

Figure 1 shows a router requiring a user name and a password to access it, thereby giving security to the device. Devices such as routers can also be secured from physical access by locking the room where they are stored. Figure 2 shows a triangle labeled on each side with one of the three primary security requirements: confidentiality, integrity, and availability.‌‌

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Xavfsizlik

Tarmoq infratuzilmasi, xizmatlari va tarmoqqa biriktirilgan qurilmalardagi ma'lumotlar juda muhim shaxsiy va biznes aktivlari hisoblanadi. Tarmoq xavfsizligi bilan bog'liq ikkita muammo mavjud: tarmoq infratuzilmasi xavfsizligi va axborot xavfsizligi.

Tarmoq infratuzilmasining xavfsizligini ta'minlash, tarmoq ulanishini ta'minlaydigan qurilmalarning jismoniy xavfsizligini va 1-rasmda ko'rsatilgandek, ularda joylashgan boshqaruv dasturlariga ruxsatsiz kirishni oldini olishni o'z ichiga oladi.

Axborot xavfsizligi deganda tarmoq orqali uzatiladigan paketlar tarkibidagi ma'lumotlarni va tarmoqqa ulangan qurilmalarda saqlanadigan ma'lumotlarni himoya qilish tushuniladi. Tarmoq xavfsizligi maqsadlariga erishish uchun 2-rasmda ko'rsatilgandek uchta asosiy talablar mavjud:

Maxfiylik - Ma'lumotlarning maxfiyligi shuni anglatadiki, faqat mo'ljallangan va vakolatli qabul qiluvchilar ma'lumotlarga kirishlari va o'qishlari mumkin.

Butunlik - Ma'lumotlarning yaxlitligi ma'lumotlarning uzatilishida, kelib chiqish joyidan manziligacha o'zgartirilmaganligiga ishonch hosil qilishni anglatadi.

Mavjudligi - Ma'lumotlar mavjudligi vakolatli foydalanuvchilar uchun ma'lumotlar xizmatlariga o'z vaqtida va ishonchli kirish kafolatiga ega bo'lishni anglatadi.

1-rasmda foydalanuvchi nomi va unga kirish uchun parolni talab qiladigan yo'riqnoma ko'rsatilgan va shu bilan qurilmaga xavfsizlik beriladi. Router kabi qurilmalar, shuningdek, ular saqlanadigan xonani qulflash orqali jismoniy kirishdan himoyalangan bo'lishi mumkin. 2-rasmda har bir tomonda uchta asosiy xavfsizlik talablaridan bittasi ko'rsatilgan maxfiylik, yaxlitlik va mavjudlik ko'rsatilgan uchburchak ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.4.1.1

New Trends

As new technologies and end user devices come to market, businesses and consumers must continue to adjust to this ever-changing environment. The role of the network is transforming to enable the connections between people, devices, and information. There are several new networking trends that will effect organizations and consumers. Some of the top trends include:

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

Online collaboration

Video communications

Cloud computing

Figure is a photograph of a collection of mobile devices including several different types of phones and tablets.‌‌

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Yangi tendentsiyalar

Bozorga yangi texnologiyalar va oxirgi foydalanuvchi qurilmalar kirib kelishi bilan korxonalar va iste'molchilar ushbu o'zgaruvchan muhitga moslashishni davom ettirishi kerak. Tarmoqning roli odamlar, qurilmalar va ma'lumotlar o'rtasidagi aloqalarni ta'minlash uchun o'zgarib bormoqda. Tashkilot va iste'molchilarga ta'sir ko'rsatadigan bir nechta yangi tarmoq tendentsiyalari mavjud. Ba'zi eng yaxshi tendentsiyalarga quyidagilar kiradi:

O'zingizning qurilmangizni olib keling (BYOD)

Onlayn hamkorlik

Video aloqalar

Bulutli hisoblash

Shakl - bu turli xil telefon va planshetlarni o'z ichiga olgan mobil qurilmalar to'plamining fotosurati.‌‌

1.4.1.2

Bring Your Own Device

The concept of any device, to any content, in any manner, is a major global trend that requires significant changes to the way devices are used. This trend is known as Bring Your Own Device (BYOD).

BYOD is about end users having the freedom to use personal tools to access information and communicate across a business or campus network. With the growth of consumer devices, and the related drop in cost, employees and students can be expected to have some of the most advanced computing and networking tools for personal use. These personal tools include laptops, netbooks, tablets, smartphones, and e-readers. These can be devices purchased by the company or school, purchased by the individual, or both.

BYOD means any device, with any ownership, used anywhere. For example, in the past, a student who needed to access the campus network or the Internet had to use one of the school’s computers. These devices were typically limited and seen as tools only for work done in the classroom or in the library. Extended connectivity through mobile and remote access to the campus network gives students tremendous flexibility and more learning opportunities for the student.

.

Figure is a photograph of a person using a mobile device to access a website.‌‌

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O'zingizning qurilmangizni olib keling

Har qanday kontentga va har qanday qurilmaga oid har qanday kontseptsiya, bu qurilmalardan foydalanish uslubida sezilarli o'zgarishlarni talab qiladigan asosiy global tendentsiya. Ushbu tendentsiya o'z qurilmangizni olib keling (BYOD) deb nomlanadi.

BYOD - bu oxirgi foydalanuvchilarga shaxsiy asboblardan foydalanish, axborot olish va biznes yoki kampus tarmog'i orqali aloqa qilish uchun shaxsiy vositalardan foydalanish erkinligi. Iste'mol moslamalarining o'sishi va narxning pasayishi bilan xodimlar va talabalar shaxsiy foydalanish uchun eng zamonaviy hisoblash va tarmoq vositalariga ega bo'lishlarini kutishlari mumkin. Ushbu shaxsiy vositalar orasida noutbuklar, netbuklar, planshetlar, smartfonlar va elektron o'quvchilar mavjud. Ular kompaniya yoki maktab tomonidan sotib olingan, shaxs tomonidan sotib olingan yoki ikkalasi ham qurilmalar bo'lishi mumkin.

BYOD har qanday egalik huquqiga ega va har qanday joyda ishlatiladigan har qanday qurilmani anglatadi. Masalan, ilgari talabalar shaharchasi tarmog'iga yoki Internetga kirishi kerak bo'lgan talaba maktab kompyuterlaridan birini ishlatishi kerak edi. Ushbu qurilmalar odatda cheklangan va faqat sinfda yoki kutubxonada bajariladigan ishlar uchun vosita sifatida ko'rilgan. Talabalar shaharchasi tarmog'iga mobil va masofaviy kirish orqali kengaytirilgan ulanish talabalarga ulkan egiluvchanlik va talaba uchun ko'proq o'rganish imkoniyatlarini beradi.

.

Shakl - bu veb-saytga kirish uchun mobil qurilmadan foydalangan odamning fotosurati.‌‌

1.4.1.3

Online Collaboration

Individuals want to connect to the network, not only for access to data applications, but also to collaborate with one another. Collaboration is defined as “the act of working with another or others on a joint project.” Collaboration tools, like Cisco WebEx shown in the figure, give employees, students, teachers, customers, and partners a way to instantly connect, interact, and achieve their objectives.

For businesses, collaboration is a critical and strategic priority that organizations are using to remain competitive. Collaboration is also a priority in education. Students need to collaborate to assist each other in learning, to develop team skills used in the work force, and to work together on team-based projects.

Figure shows a laptop connected to a Cisco WebEx meeting.‌‌

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Onlayn hamkorlik

Jismoniy shaxslar nafaqat ma'lumot dasturlariga kirish uchun, balki bir-biri bilan hamkorlik qilish uchun ham tarmoqqa ulanishni xohlashadi. Hamkorlik "boshqa yoki boshqalar bilan qo'shma loyihada ishlash harakati" deb ta'riflanadi. Rasmda ko'rsatilgan Cisco WebEx singari hamkorlik vositalari xodimlarga, talabalarga, o'qituvchilarga, mijozlarga va sheriklarga bir zumda ulanish, o'zaro ta'sir o'tkazish va o'z maqsadlariga erishish yo'lini beradi.

Korxonalar uchun hamkorlik tashkilotlar raqobatbardosh bo'lib qolish uchun foydalanadigan muhim va strategik ustuvor yo'nalishdir. Hamkorlik ta'lim sohasida ham ustuvor ahamiyatga ega. Talabalar o'rganishda bir-birlariga yordam berish, ishchi kuchida ishlatiladigan jamoaviy ko'nikmalarni rivojlantirish va jamoaviy loyihalarda birgalikda ishlash uchun hamkorlik qilishlari kerak.

Rasmda Cisco WebEx yig'ilishiga ulangan noutbuk ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.4.1.4

Video Communication

Another trend in networking that is critical to the communication and collaboration effort is video. Video is being used for communications, collaboration, and entertainment. Video calls can be made to and from anywhere with an Internet connection.

Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others at a distance, both locally and globally. Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration as organizations extend across geographic and cultural boundaries. Click Play in the figure to view how TelePresence can be incorporated into everyday life and business.

Click here to read the transcript of this video.

The figure is a video with the title "Cisco Telepresence Vision".‌‌

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Video aloqa

Aloqa va hamkorlik uchun muhim bo'lgan tarmoqdagi boshqa tendentsiya - bu video. Video aloqa, hamkorlik va ko'ngil ochish uchun ishlatiladi. Internetga ulangan holda video qo'ng'iroqlarni istalgan joyga va undan amalga oshirish mumkin.

Videokonferentsiyalar mahalliy va global miqyosda boshqalar bilan muloqot qilishning kuchli vositasidir. Tashkilotlar geografik va madaniy chegaralar bo'ylab kengayib borayotganligi sababli video samarali hamkorlikning muhim talabiga aylanib bormoqda. TelePresence-ni kundalik hayot va biznesga qanday kiritish mumkinligini ko'rish uchun rasmdagi "Play" -ni bosing.

Ushbu videoning transkriptini o'qish uchun shu erni bosing.

Shakl "Cisco Telepresence Vision" nomli videofilm.‌‌

1.4.1.5

Cloud Computing

Cloud computing is another global trend changing the way we access and store data. Cloud computing allows us to store personal files, even backup our entire hard disk drive on servers over the Internet. Applications such as word processing and photo editing can be accessed using the Cloud.

For businesses, Cloud computing extends IT's capabilities without requiring investment in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. These services are available on demand and delivered economically to any device anywhere in the world without compromising security or function.

There are four primary types of Clouds, as shown in the figure: Public Clouds, Private Clouds, Hybrid Clouds, and Custom Clouds. Click each Cloud to learn more.

Cloud computing is possible because of data centers. A data center is a facility used to house computer systems and associated components. A data center can occupy one room of a building, one or more floors, or an entire building. Data centers are typically very expensive to build and maintain. For this reason, only large organizations use privately built data centers to house their data and provide services to users. Smaller organizations that cannot afford to maintain their own private data center can reduce the overall cost of ownership by leasing server and storage services from a larger data center organization in the Cloud.

Figure shows many types of clouds used in cloud computing. These include public clouds, private clouds, hybrid clouds, and custom clouds.‌‌

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Bulutli hisoblash

Bulutli hisoblash - bu ma'lumotlarga kirish va saqlash usullarini o'zgartiradigan yana bir global tendentsiya. Bulutli hisoblash shaxsiy fayllarni saqlashga imkon beradi, hattoki butun qattiq diskimiz Internetdagi serverlarda zaxira nusxasini yaratadi. Matnni qayta ishlash va fotosuratlarni tahrirlash kabi dasturlarga Cloud yordamida kirish mumkin.

Bulutli hisoblash korxonalari uchun IT infratuzilmasi yangi infratuzilma, yangi kadrlar tayyorlash yoki yangi dasturiy ta'minotga sarmoya talab qilmasdan kengaytiriladi. Ushbu xizmatlar talabga binoan mavjud va dunyoning istalgan nuqtasida xavfsizlik va funktsiyalarga zarar etkazmasdan har qanday qurilmaga iqtisodiy jihatdan etkazib beriladi.

Rasmda ko'rsatilgandek to'rtta asosiy bulutlar mavjud: jamoat bulutlari, xususiy bulutlar, gibrid bulutlar va maxsus bulutlar. Qo'shimcha ma'lumot olish uchun har bir bulutni bosing.

Ma'lumot markazlari tufayli bulutli hisoblash mumkin. Ma'lumotlar markazi bu kompyuter tizimlari va ular bilan bog'liq komponentlarni joylashtirish uchun foydalaniladigan ob'ekt. Ma'lumotlar markazi binoning bitta xonasini, bir yoki bir necha qavatni yoki butun binoni egallashi mumkin. Ma'lumot markazlarini qurish va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish odatda juda qimmatga tushadi. Shu sababli faqat yirik tashkilotlar o'zlarining ma'lumotlarini joylashtirish va foydalanuvchilarga xizmatlar ko'rsatish uchun xususiy ravishda qurilgan ma'lumotlar markazlaridan foydalanadilar. Shaxsiy ma'lumotlar markazini saqlab turishga qodir bo'lmagan kichik tashkilotlar Cloud-dagi kattaroq ma'lumotlar markazlari tashkilotidan server va saqlash xizmatlarini lizingga berish orqali mulk egalarining umumiy narxini kamaytirishi mumkin.

Rasmda bulutli hisoblashda ishlatiladigan bulutlarning ko'p turlari ko'rsatilgan. Bularga umumiy bulutlar, xususiy bulutlar, gibrid bulutlar va odatiy bulutlar kiradi.‌‌

1.4.2.1

Technology Trends in the Home

Networking trends are not only affecting the way we communicate at work and at school, they are also changing just about every aspect of the home.

The newest home trends include ‘smart home technology’. Smart home technology is technology that is integrated into every-day appliances allowing them to interconnect with other devices, making them more ‘smart’ or automated. For example, imagine being able to prepare a dish and place it in the oven for cooking prior to leaving the house for the day. Imagine if the oven was ‘aware’ of the dish it was cooking and was connected to your ‘calendar of events’ so that it could determine what time you should be available to eat, and adjust start times and length of cooking accordingly. It could even adjust cooking times and temperatures based on changes in schedule. Additionally, a smartphone or tablet connection allows the user the ability to connect to the oven directly, to make any desired adjustments. When the dish is “available”, the oven sends an alert message to a specified end user device that the dish is done and warming.

This scenario is not long off. In fact, smart home technology is currently being developed for all rooms within a house. Smart home technology will become more of a reality as home networking and high-speed Internet technology becomes more widespread. New home networking technologies are being developed daily to meet these types of growing technology needs.

Figure shows a car, a smart phone and a typical house all connected to the cloud. This is used to show Smart Home Technology.‌‌

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Uydagi texnologiya tendentsiyalari

Tarmoq tendentsiyalari nafaqat ishdagi va maktabdagi muloqot tarzimizga ta'sir qiladi, balki uyning deyarli barcha jihatlarini o'zgartiradi.

Uyning eng yangi tendentsiyalari orasida "aqlli uy texnologiyasi" mavjud. Aqlli uy texnologiyasi - bu boshqa qurilmalar bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lish, ularni yanada "aqlli" yoki avtomatlashtirishga imkon beradigan har kungi maishiy texnika bilan birlashtirilgan texnologiya. Masalan, uydan bir kunga ketishdan oldin ovqat tayyorlashingiz va uni pishirish uchun pechga qo'yishingizni tasavvur qiling. Tandir pishirayotgan taomdan "xabardor" ekanligini va sizning "voqealar taqvimiga" bog'langanligini tasavvur qiling, shunda u sizning ovqatlanishingiz mumkin bo'lgan vaqtni aniqlab berishi va pishirishning boshlanish vaqtlari va davomiyligini mos ravishda sozlang. Hatto jadvaldagi o'zgarishlarga asoslanib pishirish vaqtlari va haroratni ham sozlashi mumkin. Bundan tashqari, smartfon yoki planshet aloqasi foydalanuvchiga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pechga ulanish, kerakli sozlamalarni amalga oshirish imkoniyatini beradi. Ovqat "mavjud" bo'lganda, pechka belgilangan oxirgi foydalanuvchi qurilmasiga idish tayyorlanishi va isishi haqida ogohlantirish xabarini yuboradi.

Ushbu stsenariy uzoqqa cho'zilmaydi. Darhaqiqat, hozirgi vaqtda uyning barcha xonalari uchun aqlli uy texnologiyasi ishlab chiqilmoqda. Uy tarmog'i va yuqori tezlikdagi Internet texnologiyasi keng tarqalishi bilan aqlli uy texnologiyasi haqiqatga aylanadi. Ushbu turdagi o'sib borayotgan texnologiyalarga bo'lgan ehtiyojni qondirish uchun har kuni uy tarmog'ining yangi texnologiyalari ishlab chiqilmoqda.

Rasmda bulutga ulangan mashina, aqlli telefon va odatdagi uy ko'rsatilgan. Bu Smart Home Technology-ni namoyish qilish uchun ishlatiladi.‌‌

1.4.2.2

Powerline Networking

Powerline networking is an emerging trend for home networking that uses existing electrical wiring to connect devices, as shown in the figure. The concept of “no new wires” means the ability to connect a device to the network wherever there is an electrical outlet. This saves the cost of installing data cables and without any additional cost to the electrical bill. Using the same wiring that delivers electricity, powerline networking sends information by sending data on certain frequencies.

Using a standard powerline adapter, devices can connect to the LAN wherever there is an electrical outlet. Powerline networking is especially useful when wireless access points cannot be used or cannot reach all the devices in the home. Powerline networking is not designed to be a substitute for dedicated cabling in data networks. However, it is an alternative when data network cables or wireless communications are not a viable option.

Figure shows Powerline Networking. A Linksys PLEK 400 powerline adapter is plugged into an electrical wall outlet and allows connections to networking devices through the existing power lines.‌‌

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Powerline tarmog'i

Powerline tarmog'i - bu rasmda ko'rsatilgandek, qurilmalarni ulash uchun mavjud elektr simlarini ishlatadigan uy tarmog'i uchun paydo bo'layotgan tendentsiya. "Yangi simlar yo'q" tushunchasi qurilmani elektr manbai bo'lgan joyda tarmoqqa ulash imkoniyatini anglatadi. Bu ma'lumotlar kabellarini o'rnatish xarajatlarini tejaydi va elektr energiyasiga qo'shimcha xarajatlarsiz. Elektr energiyasini etkazib beradigan bir xil simlardan foydalangan holda, elektr uzatish tarmog'i ma'lum chastotalarda ma'lumotlarni yuborish orqali ma'lumot yuboradi.

Oddiy elektr uzatish moslamasidan foydalangan holda, qurilmalar elektr manbai bo'lgan joyda LANga ulanishi mumkin. Powerline tarmog'i, ayniqsa, simsiz ulanish nuqtalarini ishlatib bo'lmaganda yoki uydagi barcha qurilmalarga ulanib bo'lmaganda foydalidir. Powerline tarmog'i ma'lumotlar tarmoqlarida maxsus kabellarni almashtirish uchun mo'ljallangan emas. Biroq, bu ma'lumotlar tarmog'i kabellari yoki simsiz aloqa mos variant bo'lmasa, bu alternativa hisoblanadi.

Rasmda Powerline Networking ko'rsatilgan. Linksys PLEK 400 elektr uzatish liniyasining adapteri elektr manbaiga ulangan va mavjud elektr uzatish tarmoqlari orqali tarmoq qurilmalariga ulanish imkonini beradi.‌‌

1.4.2.3

Wireless Broadband

Connecting to the Internet is vital in smart home technology. DSL and cable are common technologies used to connect homes and small businesses to the Internet. However, wireless may be another option in many areas.

Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP)

Wireless Internet Service Provider (WISP) is an ISP that connects subscribers to a designated access point or hot spot using similar wireless technologies found in home wireless local area networks (WLANs). WISPs are more commonly found in rural environments where DSL or cable services are not available.

Although a separate transmission tower may be installed for the antenna, it is common that the antenna is attached to an existing elevated structure, such as a water tower or a radio tower. A small dish or antenna is installed on the subscriber’s roof in range of the WISP transmitter. The subscriber’s access unit is connected to the wired network inside the home. From the perspective of the home user, the setup is not much different than DSL or cable service. The main difference is that the connection from the home to the ISP is wireless instead of a physical cable.

Wireless Broadband Service

Another wireless solution for the home and small businesses is wireless broadband, as shown in the figure. This uses the same cellular technology used to access the Internet with a smart phone or tablet. An antenna is installed outside the house providing either wireless or wired connectivity for devices in the home. In many areas, home wireless broadband is competing directly with DSL and cable services.

Figure shows a transmission tower emitting wireless signals. Next to the tower is an outline drawing of a typical home, and inside the home are wireless devices, such as a wireless computer, a set of wireless speakers and a wireless tablet device.‌‌

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Simsiz keng polosali ulanish

Internetga ulanish aqlli uy texnologiyasida juda muhimdir. DSL va kabel uylar va kichik korxonalarni Internetga ulashda ishlatiladigan keng tarqalgan texnologiyalardir. Biroq, ko'plab sohalarda simsiz aloqa boshqa variant bo'lishi mumkin.

Simsiz Internet-provayder (WISP)

Simsiz Internet-provayderi (WISP) - bu Internet-provayder bo'lib, uy simsiz lokal tarmoqlarida (WLAN) topilgan shunga o'xshash simsiz texnologiyalar yordamida abonentlarni belgilangan kirish nuqtasi yoki issiq nuqtaga ulaydi. WISP'lar DSL yoki kabel xizmatlari mavjud bo'lmagan qishloq joylarda ko'proq uchraydi.

Antenna uchun alohida transmisyon minorasi o'rnatilishi mumkin bo'lsa-da, antenna mavjud bo'lgan baland inshootga, masalan, suv minorasiga yoki radio minoraga ulanishi odatiy holdir. WISP transmitteri oralig'ida abonent tomida kichik idish yoki antenna o'rnatilgan. Abonentning kirish bloki uy ichidagi simli tarmoqqa ulangan. Uy foydalanuvchisi nuqtai nazaridan o'rnatish DSL yoki kabel xizmatidan juda farq qilmaydi. Asosiy farq shundaki, uydan Internet-provayderga ulanish jismoniy kabel o'rniga simsizdir.

Simsiz keng polosali xizmat

Uy va kichik biznes uchun yana bir simsiz echim - bu rasmda ko'rsatilgandek simsiz keng polosali aloqa. Bu aqlli telefon yoki planshet yordamida Internetga kirish uchun ishlatiladigan bir xil uyali aloqa texnologiyasidan foydalanadi. Uydan tashqarida antenna o'rnatilgan bo'lib, uydagi qurilmalar uchun simsiz yoki simli ulanish mumkin. Ko'pgina joylarda uy simsiz keng polosali aloqa DSL va kabel xizmatlari bilan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri raqobatlashadi.

Rasmda simsiz signallarni chiqaradigan uzatish minorasi ko'rsatilgan. Minora yonida odatdagi uyning chizilgan tasviri joylashgan bo'lib, uy ichida simsiz kompyuter, simsiz karnaylar to'plami va simsiz planshet qurilmasi kabi simsiz qurilmalar joylashgan.‌‌

1.4.3.1

Security Threats

Network security is an integral part of computer networking, regardless of whether the network is limited to a home environment with a single connection to the Internet or as large as a corporation with thousands of users. The network security that is implemented must take into account the environment, as well as the tools and requirements of the network. It must be able to secure data while still allowing for the quality of service that is expected of the network.

Securing a network involves protocols, technologies, devices, tools, and techniques to secure data and mitigate threats. Threat vectors may be external or internal. Many external network security threats today are spread over the Internet.

The most common external threats to networks include:

Viruses, worms, and Trojan horses - malicious software and arbitrary code running on a user device

Spyware and adware - software installed on a user device that secretly collects information about the user

Zero-day attacks, also called zero-hour attacks - an attack that occurs on the first day that a vulnerability becomes known

Hacker attacks - an attack by a knowledgeable person to user devices or network resources

Denial of service attacks - attacks designed to slow or crash applications and processes on a network device

Data interception and theft - an attack to capture private information from an organization’s network

Identity theft - an attack to steal the login credentials of a user in order to access private data

It is equally important to consider internal threats. There have been many studies that show that the most common data breaches happen because of internal users of the network. This can be attributed to lost or stolen devices, accidental misuse by employees, and in the business environment, even malicious employees. With the evolving BYOD strategies, corporate data is much more vulnerable. Therefore, when developing a security policy, it is important to address both external and internal security threats.

Figure shows threats to networks, external threats come from the Internet and internal threats come from within the network.‌‌

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Xavfsizlik tahdidlari

Tarmoq xavfsizligi - bu Internet tarmog'iga bitta ulanishga ega bo'lgan uy sharoitida yoki minglab foydalanuvchilari bo'lgan korporatsiya singari katta bo'lgan uy sharoitida bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, kompyuter tarmog'ining ajralmas qismi. Amalga oshiriladigan tarmoq xavfsizligi atrof-muhitni, shuningdek tarmoq vositalari va talablarini hisobga olishi kerak. U tarmoqdan kutilayotgan xizmat sifatiga imkon berib, ma'lumotlarni xavfsizligini ta'minlashi kerak.

Tarmoq xavfsizligini ta'minlash protokollarni, texnologiyalarni, qurilmalarni, vositalarni va texnikani himoya qilishni va tahdidlarni kamaytirishni o'z ichiga oladi. Tahdid vektorlari tashqi yoki ichki bo'lishi mumkin. Bugungi kunda tashqi tarmoq xavfsizligining ko'plab tahdidlari Internet orqali tarqalmoqda.

Tarmoqlar uchun eng keng tarqalgan tashqi tahdidlarga quyidagilar kiradi:

Viruslar, qurtlar va troyan otlari - zararli dastur va foydalanuvchi qurilmasida o'zboshimchalik bilan ishlaydigan kod

Shpion dasturlari va reklama dasturlari - foydalanuvchi qurilmasiga o'rnatilgan bo'lib, foydalanuvchi to'g'risida maxfiy ma'lumotlarni to'playdi

Nolinchi kunlik hujumlar, shuningdek, nol soatlik hujumlar deb ataladi - bu hujum zaiflik ma'lum bo'lgan birinchi kuni sodir bo'ladi

Xakerlik hujumlari - bilimdon odamning foydalanuvchi qurilmalariga yoki tarmoq manbalariga hujumi

Xizmat hujumlarini rad etish - tarmoq qurilmasidagi dasturlar va jarayonlarni sekinlashtirish yoki ishdan chiqish uchun mo'ljallangan hujumlar

Ma'lumotni ushlab qolish va o'g'irlash - tashkilot tarmog'idan shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni olish uchun hujum

Shaxsiy ma'lumotlarni o'g'irlash - shaxsiy ma'lumotlarga kirish uchun foydalanuvchining kirish ma'lumotlarini o'g'irlash uchun qilingan hujum.

Ichki tahdidlarni hisobga olish ham bir xil darajada muhimdir. Ma'lumotlarning eng keng tarqalgan buzilishi tarmoqning ichki foydalanuvchilari tufayli sodir bo'lishini ko'rsatadigan ko'plab tadqiqotlar mavjud. Bu yo'qolgan yoki o'g'irlangan qurilmalar, xodimlar tomonidan tasodifan noto'g'ri foydalanish va ishbilarmonlik muhitida, hatto zararli xodimlar bilan bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin. Rivojlanayotgan BYOD strategiyalari bilan korporativ ma'lumotlar juda zaifroq. Shuning uchun xavfsizlik siyosatini ishlab chiqishda tashqi va ichki tahdidlarni bartaraf etish muhimdir.

Rasmda tarmoqlarga tahdidlar, tashqi tahdidlar Internetdan va ichki tahdidlar tarmoq ichidan kelib chiqadi.‌‌

1.4.3.2

Security Solutions

No single solution can protect the network from the variety of threats that exist. For this reason, security should be implemented in multiple layers, using more than one security solution. If one security component fails to identify and protect the network, others still stand.

A home network security implementation is usually rather basic. It is generally implemented on the connecting end devices, as well as at the point of connection to the Internet, and can even rely on contracted services from the ISP.

In contrast, the network security implementation for a corporate network usually consists of many components built into the network to monitor and filter traffic. Ideally, all components work together, which minimizes maintenance and improves security.

Network security components for a home or small office network should include, at a minimum:

Antivirus and antispyware – These are used to protect end devices from becoming infected with malicious software.

Firewall filtering – This is used to block unauthorized access to the network. This may include a host-based firewall system that is implemented to prevent unauthorized access to the end device, or a basic filtering service on the home router to prevent unauthorized access from the outside world into the network.

In addition to the above, larger networks and corporate networks often have other security requirements:

Dedicated firewall systems – These are used to provide more advanced firewall capabilities that can filter large amounts of traffic with more granularity.

Access control lists (ACL) – These are used to further filter access and traffic forwarding.

Intrusion prevention systems (IPS) – These are used to identify fast-spreading threats, such as zero-day or zero-hour attacks.

Virtual private networks (VPN) – These are used to provide secure access to remote workers.

Network security requirements must take into account the network environment, as well as the various applications, and computing requirements. Both home environments and businesses must be able to secure their data while still allowing for the quality of service that is expected of each technology. Additionally, the security solution implemented must be adaptable to the growing and changing trends of the network.

The study of network security threats and mitigation techniques starts with a clear understanding of the underlying switching and routing infrastructure used to organize network services.

Figure shows a drawing of Network Security Devices, these include firewalls and access control lists on routers.‌‌

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Xavfsizlik echimlari

Hech qanday echim tarmoqni mavjud bo'lgan turli xil tahdidlardan himoya qila olmaydi. Shu sababli, xavfsizlik bir nechta xavfsizlik echimlaridan foydalangan holda bir necha qatlamlarda amalga oshirilishi kerak. Agar bitta xavfsizlik komponenti tarmoqni aniqlay olmasa va himoya qilmasa, boshqalari hali ham ishlaydi.

Uy tarmog'i xavfsizligini amalga oshirish odatda juda muhimdir. U odatda ulanadigan so'nggi qurilmalarda, shuningdek, Internetga ulanish nuqtasida amalga oshiriladi va hatto Internet-provayderning shartnoma xizmatlariga ham ishonishi mumkin.

Aksincha, korporativ tarmoq uchun tarmoq xavfsizligini amalga oshirish odatda trafikni kuzatib borish va filtrlash uchun tarmoqqa o'rnatilgan ko'plab tarkibiy qismlardan iborat. Ideal holda, barcha komponentlar birgalikda ishlaydi, bu esa texnik xizmatni minimallashtiradi va xavfsizlikni yaxshilaydi.

Uy yoki kichik ofis tarmog'i uchun tarmoq xavfsizligi tarkibiy qismlari kamida quyidagilarni o'z ichiga olishi kerak:

Antivirus va antispyware - bu so'nggi qurilmalarni zararli dasturiy ta'minot bilan yuqtirishdan himoya qilish uchun ishlatiladi.

Xavfsizlik devorini filtrlash - bu tarmoqqa ruxsatsiz kirishni bloklash uchun ishlatiladi.

Bunga so'nggi qurilmaga ruxsatsiz kirishni oldini olish uchun amalga oshiriladigan xost-ga asoslangan xavfsizlik devori tizimi yoki tarmoqdagi tashqi dunyodan ruxsatsiz kirishni oldini olish uchun uy yo'riqchisidagi asosiy filtrlash xizmati kiradi.

Yuqoridagilardan tashqari, katta tarmoqlar va korporativ tarmoqlar ko'pincha boshqa xavfsizlik talablariga ega:

Maxsus xavfsizlik devori tizimlari - bu katta miqdordagi trafikni ko'proq donadorlik bilan filtrlaydigan yanada rivojlangan xavfsizlik devori imkoniyatlarini ta'minlash uchun ishlatiladi.

Kirish nazorati ro'yxatlari (ACL) - Ular kirish va trafikni yo'naltirishni qo'shimcha filtrlash uchun ishlatiladi.

Kirishni oldini olish tizimlari (IPS) - bu tez tarqaladigan tahdidlarni aniqlash uchun ishlatiladi, masalan, nol kunlik yoki nol soatlik hujumlar.

Virtual xususiy tarmoqlar (VPN) - Bular uzoqdagi ishchilarga xavfsiz kirishni ta'minlash uchun ishlatiladi.

Tarmoq xavfsizligi talablari tarmoq muhiti, shuningdek turli xil ilovalar va hisoblash talablarini hisobga olishi kerak. Uy sharoitlari ham, korxonalar ham o'zlarining ma'lumotlarini himoya qilishlari kerak, shu bilan birga har bir texnologiyadan kutilayotgan xizmat sifatiga imkon berishlari kerak. Bundan tashqari, amalga oshirilgan xavfsizlik echimi tarmoqning o'sib borayotgan va o'zgaruvchan tendentsiyalariga moslashtirilishi kerak.

Tarmoq xavfsizligi tahdidlari va ta'sirni kamaytirish usullarini o'rganish tarmoq xizmatlarini tashkil qilish uchun ishlatiladigan asosiy kommutatsiya va marshrutlash infratuzilmasini aniq tushunishdan boshlanadi.

Rasmda tarmoq xavfsizligi qurilmalari chizilgan, ular orasida xavfsizlik devorlari va yo'riqchilarda kirishni boshqarish ro'yxatlari mavjud.‌‌

1.4.4.1

Cisco Network Architecture

The role of the network has changed from a data-only network to a system that enables the connections of people, devices, and information in a media rich, converged network environment. In order for networks to function efficiently and grow in this type of environment, the network must be built upon a standard network architecture.

The network architecture refers to the devices, connections, and products that are integrated to support the necessary technologies and applications. A well-planned network technology architecture helps ensure the connection of any device across any combination of networks. While ensuring connectivity, it also increases cost efficiency by integrating network security and management and improves business processes. At the foundation of all network architectures, and, in fact, at the foundation of the Internet itself, are routers and switches. Routers and switches transport data, voice, and video communications, as well as allow for wireless access, and provide for security.

Building networks that support our needs of today and the needs and trends of the future starts with a clear understanding of the underlying switching and routing infrastructure. After a basic routing and switching network infrastructure is built, individuals, small businesses, and organizations can grow their network over time, adding features and functionality in an integrated solution.

Figure shows a woman and two men in a data center. The woman is pointing explaining something about the equipment.‌‌

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Cisco Tarmoq Arxitekturasi

Tarmoqning roli faqat ma'lumotlarga ega bo'lgan tarmoqdan, ommaviy axborot vositalariga boy, birlashtirilgan tarmoq muhitida odamlar, qurilmalar va ma'lumotlarning ulanishini ta'minlaydigan tizimga aylandi. Tarmoqlarning samarali ishlashi va ushbu turdagi muhitda o'sishi uchun tarmoq standart me'morchilik asosida qurilishi kerak.

Tarmoq arxitekturasi zarur texnologiyalar va ilovalarni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun birlashtirilgan qurilmalar, ulanishlar va mahsulotlarni nazarda tutadi. Yaxshi rejalashtirilgan tarmoq texnologiyasi arxitekturasi har qanday qurilmaning har qanday tarmoq kombinatsiyasi orqali ulanishini ta'minlashga yordam beradi. Ulanishni ta'minlash bilan birga, tarmoq xavfsizligi va boshqaruvini birlashtirish orqali iqtisodiy samaradorlikni oshiradi va biznes jarayonlarini yaxshilaydi. Barcha tarmoq me'morchiligining poydevorida va aslida Internetning o'zi poydevorida routerlar va kalitlar mavjud. Routerlar va kalitlar ma'lumotlar, ovozli va video aloqalarni tashiydi, shuningdek simsiz ulanishga imkon beradi va xavfsizlikni ta'minlaydi.

Bugungi ehtiyojlarimizni va kelajakdagi ehtiyojlarimizni va tendentsiyalarimizni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi tarmoqlarni qurish asosiy kommutatsiya va marshrutlash infratuzilmasini aniq tushunishdan boshlanadi. Asosiy marshrutlash va kommutatsiya tarmog'i infratuzilmasi qurilgandan so'ng, jismoniy shaxslar, kichik korxonalar va tashkilotlar vaqt o'tishi bilan o'z tarmoqlarini kengaytirishi mumkin, bu ajralmas echimga funktsiyalar va funktsiyalarni qo'shadi.

Rasmda ma'lumotlar markazida bir ayol va ikki erkak tasvirlangan. Ayol uskuna haqida nimanidir tushuntirib berayotganini ko'rsatmoqda.‌‌

1.4.4.2

CCNA

As the use of these integrated, expanding networks increase, so does the need for training for individuals who implement and manage network solutions. This training must begin with the routing and switching foundation. Achieving Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification is the first step in helping an individual prepare for a career in networking.

CCNA certification validates an individual’s ability to install, configure, operate, and troubleshoot medium-size route and switched networks, including implementation and verification of connections to remote sites in a WAN. CCNA curriculum also includes basic mitigation of security threats, introduction to wireless networking concepts and terminology, and performance-based skills. This CCNA curriculum includes the use of various protocols, such as: IP, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Serial Line Interface Protocol, Frame Relay, VLANs, Ethernet, access control lists (ACLs) and others.

This course helps set the stage for networking concepts and basic routing and switching configurations and is a start on your path towards CCNA certification.

Figure shows the Cisco certification pyramid. At the base of this pyramid is the entry level certification, and at the top of the pyramid is the architect certification.‌‌

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CCNA

Ushbu yaxlit, kengayib boruvchi tarmoqlardan foydalanish hajmi oshgani sayin, tarmoq echimlarini amalga oshiradigan va boshqaradigan shaxslar uchun o'qitishga ehtiyoj ortmoqda. Ushbu trening marshrutlash va almashtirish poydevoridan boshlanishi kerak. Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) sertifikatiga erishish - bu shaxsga tarmoqdagi martaba tayyorlashga yordam beradigan birinchi qadamdir.

CCNA sertifikati shaxsning WAN-da masofali saytlarga ulanishlarni amalga oshirish va tekshirishni o'z ichiga olgan o'rta o'lchamdagi marshrutni va almashinadigan tarmoqlarni o'rnatish, sozlash, boshqarish va muammolarni bartaraf etish qobiliyatini tasdiqlaydi. CCNA o'quv dasturi xavfsizlik tahdidlarini yumshatish, simsiz tarmoq kontseptsiyalari va terminologiyalari bilan tanishish va ishlashga asoslangan ko'nikmalarni o'z ichiga oladi. Ushbu CCNA o'quv dasturi turli xil protokollardan foydalanishni o'z ichiga oladi, masalan: IP, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Serial Line Interface Protocol, Frame Relay, VLANs, Ethernet, erkin foydalanishni boshqarish ro'yxatlari (ACL) va boshqalar.

Ushbu kurs tarmoq kontseptsiyalari va asosiy marshrutlash va almashtirish konfiguratsiyalari uchun sahnani o'rnatishga yordam beradi va bu sizning CCNA sertifikatiga erishish yo'lidagi boshlanishdir.

Rasmda Cisco sertifikatlash piramidasi ko'rsatilgan. Ushbu piramidaning poydevorida kirish darajasining sertifikati, yuqori qismida esa me'mor sertifikati mavjud.‌‌

1.4.4.3

Lab - Researching IT and Networking Job Opportunities

In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

Part 1: Research Job Opportunities

Part 2: Reflect on Research

Lab - Researching IT and Networking Job Opportunities

.

Figure is standard graphic for a lab page.‌‌

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Laboratoriya - IT va tarmoqdagi ish imkoniyatlarini o'rganish

Ushbu laboratoriyada siz quyidagi maqsadlarni bajarasiz:

1-qism: Ish imkoniyatlarini o'rganish

2-qism: Tadqiqot haqida mulohaza qiling

Laboratoriya - IT va tarmoqdagi ish imkoniyatlarini o'rganish

.

Shakl laboratoriya sahifasi uchun standart grafik.‌‌

1.5.1.1

Class Activity – Draw Your Concept of the Internet Now

Draw Your Concept of the Internet Now

In this activity, you will use the knowledge you have acquired throughout Chapter 1, and the modeling activity document that you prepared at the beginning of this chapter. You may also refer to the other activities completed in this chapter, including Packet Tracer activities.

Draw a map of the Internet as you see it now. Use the icons presented in the chapter for media, end devices, and intermediary devices.

In your revised drawing, you may wish to include some of the following:

WANs

LANs

Cloud computing

Internet Service Providers (tiers)

Save your drawing in hard-copy format. If it is an electronic document, save it to a server location provided by your instructor. Be prepared to share and explain your revised work in class.

Class Activity - Draw Your Concept of the Internet Now Instructions

Figure shows a globe made up of various small pictures.‌‌

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Sinf faoliyati - Internet haqidagi tushunchangizni hoziroq tuzing

Internet haqidagi tushunchangizni hoziroq tuzing

Ushbu mashg'ulotda siz 1-bob davomida olgan bilimlaringiz va ushbu bobning boshida tayyorlagan modellashtirish faoliyati hujjatidan foydalanasiz. Shuningdek, ushbu bobda yakunlangan boshqa tadbirlarga, shu jumladan Packet Tracer faoliyatiga murojaat qilishingiz mumkin.

Hozir ko'rib turganingizdek Internet xaritasini chizish. Ushbu bobda keltirilgan piktogramlardan media, so'nggi qurilmalar va vositachilar uchun foydalaning.

Qayta ko'rib chiqilgan rasmingizga quyidagilarni qo'shishingiz mumkin:

WANlar

Mahalliy tarmoqlar

Bulutli hisoblash

Internet-provayderlar (darajalar)

Chizilgan rasmingizni nusxa ko'chirish shaklida saqlang. Agar bu elektron hujjat bo'lsa, uni o'qituvchingiz tomonidan taqdim etilgan serverga saqlang. Sinfda qayta ko'rib chiqilgan ishlaringizni baham ko'rishga va tushuntirishga tayyor bo'ling.

Sinf faoliyati - Internet haqidagi tushunchangizni tuzing Endi ko'rsatmalar

Rasmda har xil mayda rasmlardan iborat globus ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.5.1.2

Warriors of the Net

An entertaining resource to help you visualize networking concepts is the animated movie "Warriors of the Net" by TNG Media Lab. Before viewing the video, there are a few things to consider. In terms of concepts you have learned in this chapter, think about when, in the video, you are on the LAN, on the WAN, on the intranet, on the Internet; and what are end devices versus intermediate devices.

Though all animations often have simplifications in them, there is one outright error in the video. About 5 minutes in, the statement is made "What happens when Mr. IP doesn't receive an acknowledgment, he simply sends a replacement packet." This is not a function of the Layer 3 Internet Protocol, which is an "unreliable", best effort delivery protocol, but rather a function of the transport layer TCP protocol. IP is explained in Chapter 6 and TCP is explained in Chapter 9.

Download the movie from http://www.warriorsofthe.net

Figure shows the Warriors of the Net homepage graphic with a link to the website.‌‌

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To'r jangchilari

Tarmoq kontseptsiyalarini tasavvur qilishda yordam beradigan ko'ngilochar manba bu TNG Media Lab tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan "To'r jangchilari" animatsion filmidir. Videoni ko'rishdan oldin, bir nechta narsani e'tiborga olish kerak. Ushbu bobda o'rgangan tushunchalar nuqtai nazaridan, videoda qachon LAN, WAN, intranet, Internetda ekanligingizni o'ylab ko'ring; va qidiruv qurilmalarga nisbatan so'nggi qurilmalar nima?

Garchi barcha animatsiyalar ko'pincha soddalashtirilgan bo'lsa ham, videoda bitta aniq xato mavjud. Taxminan 5 daqiqadan so'ng, "janob IP tasdiq olmasa, nima bo'ladi, u shunchaki almashtirish paketini yuboradi" degan bayonot beriladi. Bu Layer 3 Internet Protocol-ning funktsiyasi emas, bu "ishonchsiz", eng yaxshi harakatlarni etkazib berish protokoli, aksincha transport qatlami TCP protokolining funktsiyasi. IP 6-bobda va TCP 9-bobda tushuntirilgan.

Filmni http://www.warriorsofthe.net saytidan yuklab oling

Rasmda veb-saytga havolasi bo'lgan "Bosh sahifa jangchilari" grafigi ko'rsatilgan.‌‌

1.5.1.3

Chapter 1: Exploring the Network

Networks and the Internet have changed the way we communicate, learn, work, and even play.

Networks come in all sizes. They can range from simple networks consisting of two computers to networks connecting millions of devices.

The Internet is the largest network in existence. In fact, the term Internet means a ‘network of networks’. The Internet provides the services that enable us to connect and communicate with our families, friends, work, and interests.

The network infrastructure is the platform that supports the network. It provides the stable and reliable channel over which communication can occur. It is made up of network components including end devices, intermediate devices, and network media.

Networks must be reliable. This means the network must be fault tolerant, scalable, provide quality of service, and ensure security of the information and resources on the network. Network security is an integral part of computer networking, regardless of whether the network is limited to a home environment with a single connection to the Internet or as large as a corporation with thousands of users. No single solution can protect the network from the variety of threats that exist. For this reason, security should be implemented in multiple layers, using more than one security solution.

The network infrastructure can vary greatly in terms of size, number of users, and number and types of services that are supported. The network infrastructure must grow and adjust to support the way the network is used. The routing and switching platform is the foundation of any network infrastructure.

This chapter focused on networking as a primary platform for supporting communication. The next chapter will introduce you to the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) used to enable routing and switching in a Cisco network environment.

The figure is a standard graphic for the introduction and conclusion pages.‌‌

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1-bob: Tarmoqni o'rganish

Tarmoqlar va Internet bizning muloqot, o'rganish, ishlash va hatto o'ynash usulimizni o'zgartirdi.

Tarmoqlar har qanday o'lchamda. Ular ikkita kompyuterdan iborat oddiy tarmoqlardan tortib, millionlab qurilmalarni birlashtiruvchi tarmoqlarga qadar bo'lishi mumkin.

Internet mavjud bo'lgan eng yirik tarmoqdir. Aslida, Internet atamasi "tarmoqlar tarmog'i" degan ma'noni anglatadi. Internet bizning oilalarimiz, do'stlarimiz, ishimiz va qiziqishlarimiz bilan bog'lanishimiz va ular bilan aloqa qilishimizga imkon beradigan xizmatlarni taqdim etadi.

Tarmoq infratuzilmasi bu tarmoqni qo'llab-quvvatlovchi platformadir. U aloqa o'rnatilishi mumkin bo'lgan barqaror va ishonchli kanalni taqdim etadi. U so'nggi qurilmalar, oraliq qurilmalar va tarmoq vositalarini o'z ichiga olgan tarmoq tarkibiy qismlaridan iborat.

Tarmoqlar ishonchli bo'lishi kerak. Bu shuni anglatadiki, tarmoq xatolarga bardoshli, miqyosi kattalashishi, xizmat ko'rsatish sifatini ta'minlashi va tarmoqdagi ma'lumotlar va manbalar xavfsizligini ta'minlashi kerak. Tarmoq xavfsizligi - bu Internet tarmog'iga bitta ulanishga ega bo'lgan uy sharoitida yoki minglab foydalanuvchilari bo'lgan korporatsiya singari katta bo'lgan uy sharoitida bo'lishidan qat'i nazar, kompyuter tarmog'ining ajralmas qismi. Hech qanday echim tarmoqni mavjud bo'lgan turli xil tahdidlardan himoya qila olmaydi. Shu sababli, xavfsizlik bir nechta xavfsizlik echimlaridan foydalangan holda bir necha qatlamlarda amalga oshirilishi kerak.

Tarmoq infratuzilmasi hajmi, foydalanuvchilari soni va qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan xizmatlarning soni va turlari jihatidan juda farq qilishi mumkin. Tarmoq infratuzilmasi o'sishi va tarmoqdan foydalanish usulini qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun sozlanishi kerak. Routing va kommutatsiya platformasi har qanday tarmoq infratuzilmasining asosi hisoblanadi.

Ushbu bob aloqani qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun asosiy platforma sifatida tarmoqqa yo'naltirilgan. Keyingi bob sizni Cisco tarmoq muhitida marshrutlash va almashtirishni yoqish uchun ishlatiladigan Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) bilan tanishtiradi.

Shakl kirish va xulosa sahifalari uchun standart grafik.‌‌

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