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3. Word formation of American and British language
The frequency of the use of the letter s at the end of the direction suffix -ward(s) differs in the dialects in question. The British usually add s, for example: forwards, towards, rightwards, while Americans omit: forward, towards, rightwards. Again, there are no exceptions: afterwards, towards and backwards can also be heard in the U.S., and forward in the U.K. In phrasal verbs, s is most often not used, as in the verb look forward to. The forms with s are mostly for adverbs (and the preposition towards), but not for adjectives, in which the suffix -wards is extremely rare. For example, British and Americans will say "upward motion" without the s. In 1897, the editors of the Oxford English Dictionary analyzed the semantic differences between the suffixes. They suggested that -wards expressed direction more strongly than -ward. Subsequent research, including that of English lexicographer Henry Fowler in compiling his famous dictionary, refuted this hypothesis.
In American English it is common to add the suffix -s to the words day, night, evening, weekend, Monday and the like, resulting in adverbs that denote the habit of doing things at certain times. Example: the adverb evenings from the word evening, in the sentence - I used to stay out evenings. Another example: Saturdays is from Saturday; the library is closed Saturdays. This is how adverbs were formed back in Old English, but now it is mostly associated with American linguistic traditions. Public opinion is also confirmed by serious publications: the Oxford English Dictionary adds the notation "now chiefly N. Amer. colloq." in an article on the expression to sleep nights. ("now chiefly N. Amer. colloq."). The article on the phrase to work nights does not include this notation, and this expression is considered standard in British English.
In British English, the agential suffix -er is often added to the word soccer to form the word footballer. The same phenomenon occurs with cricket, netball, and sometimes basketball. In American English, football player is used instead of footballer. While the English name of the sport can also be a verb, the addition of the suffix -er occurs in both American and British English: golfer (golfer), bowler (bowler, bowling or bowls player), shooter (shooter). Sometimes there are British forms in American English, such as baller (basketball player) in the name of the computer game NBA Ballers. In this particular case, however, baller is taken from the slang to ball, meaning "to play basketball.
English-speaking writers and ordinary speakers often form new words by combining common compound words into simple words. For example, healthcare instead of health care has long been used as a standard in British and American official documents. There are more such words in American English - many words that are used as a single word in the U.S. are still considered compound constructions in the U.K.
In compound words of the + kind, Americans sometimes use the naked infinitive verb form without to, whereas the British prefer the gerund in these cases. Examples (American English first): jump rope/skipping rope; racecar/racing car; rowboat/rowing boat; sailboat/sailing boat; file cabinet/filing cabinet; dial tone/dialling tone; drainboard/draining board.
American English for the most part discards inflective suffixes, thus shortening words. For comparison: cookbook/cookery book; Smith, age 40 / Smith, aged 40; skim milk/skimmed milk; dollhouse/dolls' house; barbershop/barber's shop. Recently, these forms have even spread to the names of consumer goods: in the US, one can read can vegetables on a can of vegetables (instead of the full form canned vegetables) and mashed potatoes on a package of mashed potatoes (instead of mashed potatoes).
Definitions before nouns can take on different numbers depending on the language variant. For example, a drug problem is called a drugs problem in the U.K. and a drug problem in the U.S. (although drug problems can also be heard in the U.K.). A sports column in a British newspaper would be called the sports section, in the U.S. the sports section. In British English, too, the word maths (short for mathematics) is singular, as is the American equivalent, math.
In the U.S., the word through can mean the time period "from... to... (inclusive)," as in Monday through Friday (Monday through Friday inclusive). The British (and many Americans) use Monday to Friday instead, or Monday to Friday inclusive. Monday through to Friday is also common. In some areas of northern England, mainly in Lancashire and Yorkshire, while (Monday while Friday) is used for a similar purpose. In other parts of northern England and in Ireland it is more common to use Monday till Friday.
Speaking of athletes playing in a team, the British use the preposition in: sportsmen play in a team. Americans use the preposition on: athletes play on a team. Both use for when referring to playing for a team: spotsmen play for a particular team.
In American English, the word out is used as a preposition in the sense of "through something out" in expressions like out the door or out the window. The phrase "jump out of a boat" in American English would be "jump out of a boat," "jump out of the porthole. Standard American English does not accept "jump out of the boat" or "jump out of the porthole. However, "out of the porthole" is used in some local dialects of the northeastern United States. In British English, out of is predominant, but in speech (especially dialectal) one can also hear simply out. A few expressions traditionally use the British version, such as out of all recognition or out of the team.
Residents of New York and the surrounding area, when referring to the process of standing in line, use the phrase on line (in two words). The rest of the United States uses in-line. Online (one word) refers everywhere to the process of using the Internet (hence the Russian online). The UK uses the word queue instead of line to refer to the queue itself. In the U.S., the popularity of queue has grown considerably over the past twenty years. The British have many expressions for the word queue: standing in a queue, queuing up, joining the queue, sitting in a queue or simply queuing. If you say in line to a Briton, he just won't know what you mean.
To say that an animal is in heat, the British use the phrase on heat and the Americans use the phrase in heat.
The non-transitive verb affiliate in British English requires the preposition with or to, while in American English it requires with or of (if affiliate is used as a noun, for example, "Microsoft is an affiliate of my company").
The verb enrol(l) is used with the preposition on in British English and with the preposition in in American English. For example: "to enrolle on/in a course. Basically, the difference between the prepositions chosen can be seen when the verb itself is omitted: "I am (enrolled) on the course that studies....".
Speaking of a street located at an address, Americans use the preposition on, while in Great Britain in some contexts it is possible to find in. In means belonging to a city street, on - to any other street. Therefore the preposition in is used with respect to stores (in Oxford Street) and on with respect to, for example, gas stations on the highway. Moreover, in idiomatic utterances, where the location of an object in the street is defined quite precisely, prepositions that grammatically fit the idiom itself are used. Example: the preposition at in "at the end of Churchill Road."
In British English, the preposition at is used with the word weekend ("at (the) weekend(s)" - at (weekend(s)). The British also use prepositions on, over and during with the word weekend, but not as readily as Americans.
Adding the preposition at to the end of a location question is unique to Americans, although this practice is not consistent with the American linguistic norm. In Britain, at in the question "where are you at? (is considered superfluous (except in some dialects); in America it is incorrect. Another addition is common among dialects in southwestern England: they sometimes use the preposition to in the same cases, as in "where are you to?".
After the verbs talk and chat (talk and chat) in American English the prepositions with or to are possible, British English allows only to (I'll talk with Dave / I'll talk to Dave). The preposition to, according to British employers, is more politically correct because the meaning implies a dialogue between two people, as opposed to one reprimanding the other. Both use with when the word talk is a noun, as in "I'll have a conversation with him.
In both dialects the preposition from is allowed after the word different (meaning "different"), e.g., "American English is different from British English in several respects. In the U.S., you may also hear "different than," and this construction is considered correct when used before adjective sentences ("American English is different than it used to be"). The British alternative is the preposition to.
If the word opposite in the construction opposite of is a noun, British English uses the form opposite to. In American English the opposite of is used in all cases. The use of the word opposite as a preposition (opposite the post office) has long been established in both dialects, but is now more common in British speech.
The verb can be joined to the noun opportunity in two ways: opportunity + infinitive with the particle to ("the opportunity to do something") or opportunity + of + gerund ("the opportunity of doing something"). The first construction is common in both dialects, while the second has almost disappeared from American usage and is often regarded as an Anglicism.
When speaking of naming an object after something, both an American and a Brit can use the preposition after: "The river is named after the state. The preposition for in this situation ("named for a state") is rightly considered Americanism.
In British English you can find to after the adverb near ("we live near to the university"). In American English, this occurs only if the adverb takes a comparative or superlative degree: she lives nearer/nearest to the deranged axe murderer's house.
When referring to a telephone number, the British say on a telephone number, the Americans say at a telephone number.
When referring to a regional legislator's affiliation with his or her constituency, the preposition from is used in the United States, and the preposition for in the United Kingdom. For comparison: "Senator from New York," "MP for East Cleveland."
In American English the phrases aside from and apart from are used equally often; in Britain apart from is much more common.
American English allows the combination of the prepositions off and of, so phrases like "off of" are possible there. The British, on the other hand, would mistake such a construction for slang. Compare American English He jumped off of the box and British English He jumped off of the box.
In American English the word absent can be used instead of the introductory construction in the absence of. For example, in America you may hear "Absent any objections, the proposal was approved. The British equivalent is In the absence of any objections, the proposal was approved; this form is also common in the United States.