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Ne’matova Dilobarning

«The difference of American and Britian english » mavzusidagi

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5111400 –Maktabgacha va boshlang’ich ta’limda ingliz tili

Ilmiy rahbar: Sadikov . E.T

Plan
1.British and American Historical background
2. The Grammar differences
3. Word formation of American and British language
4. Most of the differences in vocabulary between American and British English
5. The orthography of the English language in British and American

1.British and American Historical background

English was brought to America by British colonists, the first of whom arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. English spread to other territories colonized by the British Empire. By 1921 its population was about 470-570 million, or a quarter of the world's population at the time.

Over the past 400 years, the forms of English used in America (especially in the U.S.) and in Great Britain have changed slightly. This has led to new forms known as American English and British English. The differences between them affect pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary (vocabulary), some spelling norms, punctuation, phraseology, and the formatting of dates and numbers. Nevertheless, the differences in these areas have almost no effect on the mutual comprehensibility of the American and British variants. For example, some words in one variant may have a different meaning or not be used at all in the other. Noah Webster, the creator of the first dictionary of American English, was one of the first to describe the differences. It was he who drew attention to the fact that Americans speak somewhat differently from the British, almost at the level of a distinct dialect or regional accent.

The deviations between American and British English gave rise to jokes. For example, one of Bernard Shaw's characters says that Britain and the United States are "two countries divided by a common language."[] In The Canterville Ghost, Oscar Wilde wrote that "now everything is the same with America, except, of course, the language" (1888). In 1877 the English phoneticist Henry Sweet falsely suggested that in a century, speakers of American, Australian and British English would not be able to understand each other. Because of the strengthening of international communication through radio and television, and as a result of globalization, the language became less susceptible to dialect division. Eventually these processes have led either to the complete disappearance of some forms (for example, the radio has universally replaced the outdated the wireless) or to the consolidation of regional forms as common (for example, perfectly good English).

The American and British variants of English differ slightly and are mutually intelligible. However, in some cases the differences can cause misunderstandings and curiosities. For example, in American English the word rubber means condom (Brit. condom), not eraser similarly British fanny refers to the female genitals, while in America it would be called buttocks - Amer. ass or Brit. ass.
Stages in the development of the American language
The history of the American language goes back only four centuries. During this time, American has not even had time to become a separate language and is still rightfully considered a variant of English. Four centuries is quite short compared to the history of British English, which began fifteen centuries ago with the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in the British Isles. But it's not just that. American began to develop after the invention of printing: books in English contributed to the slow development of American in a new place. Besides, the U.S. has always maintained close ties with Great Britain, so their languages did not diverge.

There is an opinion that if America had been colonized a few centuries earlier, American would have become a new language-just as French had separated from Italian. But this was no longer possible in the context of the Enlightenment century. Nevertheless, on the new continent, English did take a different path and acquired many differences from the British dialect.

Like the history of any language, the history of the American language is closely connected with the history of the development of the United States itself. Linguists distinguish two periods in the development of American:

The early period - the formation of the spoken American language, its divergence from the British version. Approximate borders of this stage are between the arrival of the first British settlers in America in the beginning of the 17th century and the beginning of the American Civil War in the 19th century.

The later period is the consolidation of the established norms of the American dialect and the formation of a literary language. This stage runs from about the time of the Civil War to the present day.
Formation of the American English
In 1607 the first English colony arose in North America. The English were not the only ones who settled on the new continent: Germans, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Swedes, Norwegians and even Russians came here. But the English dominated, accounting for about 80 percent of the emigrants. The newcomers mingled with each other, and they needed a common language. Because there were more English speakers, everyone else naturally began to speak English, if not immediately, then after one or two generations. English became the connecting language and the basis for the American dialect.

English in Britain at that time was even more heterogeneous than it is today. There were many regional and social dialects. Members of different classes and people from different counties spoke English differently. The lower and middle classes predominated among the immigrants to America, while the aristocrats made little attempt to seek their fortunes in the new place. Thus a simpler and coarser version of English arrived on American shores and served as the basis for the development of the American dialect. For this reason, the grammar, spelling, and phonetics of American are now simpler than British.

Most of the British settlers came from Puritan East Anglia. They were law-abiding people with strict moral rules and a particular penchant for conservatism. They clung to their native language and did not welcome major changes. Perhaps for this reason the American language has changed less in four centuries than the British. The American dialect has many archaic features left over from the early 17th century. For example, Americans continue to say either and neither with a long i:, whereas the English replaced it long ago with a diphthong ai. In American English, the meaning of the word mad as "to be angry" or the word sick as "sick" remains obsolete to the English. Even the intonation of American is much closer to 17th century English than in the British version.

It would seem that America's heterogeneous population should have led to all sorts of dialects and linguistic differences. In practice, by contrast, American English has turned out to be remarkably uniform. There are dialects, of course, but they are fewer and closer together than in Great Britain. The fact is that the first inhabitants of America were constantly moving from place to place. The mixing of cultures was very intense and continuous, so that in certain places separate dialects did not have time to form. People unconsciously sought to speak a single standard language, usually literate and recognized by authorities. Thus the American version of English became more homogeneous

Early American Language Development
The early period of American dialect history was characterized by an intense enrichment of the vocabulary. Grammar or pronunciation changed slowly and imperceptibly, while new words appeared literally before our eyes. And in just a few decades, American English has acquired hundreds of new words that never existed in the British version.

The vocabulary was added for several reasons. First, the colonists encountered many new phenomena that needed to be named. Second, they were constantly interacting with other peoples and encountering other languages, enriching their vocabulary with them. Thirdly, the new Americans were building society and government from the ground up, creating new institutions, laws, and documents that also needed names.

There were two main ways in which American words emerged. The first was the Americanisms themselves, which were specially invented to denote new phenomena. As a rule, they were already familiar words with new meanings or new terms based on existing English words. For example, in the United States the phrase public school came to refer to a free public school, whereas in Britain it was a private institution. In Britain, eggplants, unknown in the UK, were dubbed "eggplant.
The Late Period of American English Development
In the 19th century, the United States expanded significantly, and industry began to develop in the country. During this period, too, new vocabulary appeared, mostly related to the development of cities, transportation and infrastructure. For example, the words subway, downtown, dormitory, tram appeared in American English. Grammar became somewhat simplified and pronunciation acquired standard features throughout the country.

In the 19th century the scientific study of the American language began. Linguists were interested in the peculiarities of the dialect, its differences from the British version, its potential. Some researchers considered American English simplified and advocated the expulsion of Americanisms from speech in order to get closer to the ideal - the British dialect. Others, on the contrary, were proud of the American language, studied Americanisms with interest, recorded the peculiarities of the dialect and advocated its strengthening.

A significant contribution to the study and development of the American version of English was made by the linguist Noah Webster. He wanted to introduce uniform standards for the dialect and to this end wrote a huge linguistic work, a dictionary by which several generations of Americans learned for a century. After Webster's death, the Merriam brothers bought the rights to reprint the dictionary. It has since been known as the Merriam-Webster Dictionary.

By the 20th century, the American dialect in its colloquial form had fully emerged. The development of literary American and the consolidation of established norms began. This was promoted by prominent American writers - Jack London, Fenimor Cooper, Mark Twain, O. Henry, and others.