Teaching Culture in the efl/esl classroom Tran-Hoang-Thu
Cultural awareness and cross-cultural awareness
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Cultural awareness and cross-cultural awareness Another term worthy of discussion is cultural awareness. Cortazzi and Jin (1999) pointed out that cultural awareness means to become aware of members of another cultural group including their behavior, their expectations, their perspectives and values. Kuang (2007) delineated four levels of cultural awareness. At the first level, people are aware of their ways of doing things, and their way is the only way. They ignore the influence of cultural differences. People become aware of other ways of doing things at the second level, but they still see their way as the best. Cultural differences at this level are deemed as a source of problems, and people 8 Teaching Culture in the EFL/ESL classroom are likely to ignore the problems or reduce their importance. People at the third level of cultural awareness are aware of both their way of doing things and others‟ ways of doing things, and they tend to choose the best way according to the situation. At the third level, people come to realize that cultural differences can lead to problems as well as benefits, and are willing to use cultural diversity to generate new solutions and alternatives. Finally, at the fourth level, people from various cultural backgrounds are brought together to create a culture of shared meanings. People at this level repeatedly dialogue with others, and create new meanings and rules to meet the needs of a specific situation. In essence, it can be said that individuals who experience the four levels of cultural awareness proposed by Kuang (2007) move from a stage of “cultural ignorance” to a stage of “cultural competence.” Krasner (1999) mentioned a three-step process of internalizing culture that was proposed by Agar (1994): mistake, awareness, and repair. Generally, step one, mistake, is when something goes wrong; step two, awareness, is when the learners know the frame of the new culture and possible alternatives; step three, repair, is when learners try to adjust to the new culture. A critical goal of culture teaching in foreign language teaching, as Krasner postulated, is raising students‟ awareness about the target culture. Like cultural awareness, cross-cultural awareness, as Damen (1987) indicated, involves discovering and understanding one‟s own culturally conditioned behavior and thinking, as well as the patterns of others. It is also “the force that moves a culture learner across the acculturation continuum from a state of no understanding of, or even hostility to, a new culture to near total understanding, from monoculturalism, to bi- or multi-culturalism” (Damen, 1987, p. 141). In a similar vein, intercultural communication is defined as acts of communication undertaken by 9 Teaching Culture in the EFL/ESL classroom individuals identified with groups exhibiting intergroup variation in shared social and cultural patterns (Damen, 1987). Citing from Rich and Ogawa (1982), Damen remarked that the term intercultural communication has had different names such as cross-cultural communication, transcultural communication, interracial communication, international communication, and contracultural communication. Zhang (2007) argued that having the proper awareness of cross- cultural communication is the first step to achieve harmony and success of intercultural communication. Download 310.39 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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