Тема 20. Макроэкономическая нестабильность и цикличность экономики План

Glossary

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  Economics — The study of how a given society allocates scarce resources to meet (or satisfy) the unlimited wants and need of its members.
  
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  Money - is a special commodity, which is the universal equivalent of the value of other goods and services.
  
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  Price - is the cost of the services provided, the benefits, the definition of the quality of the goods produced in a money transfer. Under the price is also understood as one of the most important marketing tools.
  
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  Wages - part of the national income flowing into the individual consumption of wage earners.
  
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  Income – is money in cash or in kind received by economic entities (by an individual, family, cooperative, company, state, etc...) As a result of their economic activity.
  
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  Cost - Decrease of the enterprise's funds or increase in its liabilities, which arise in the course of economic activities for profit and lead to a decrease in the amount of equity.
  
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  Profit - is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (services) without value-added tax and excises and costs for the production and sale of products. The profit is connected with the gross income of the enterprise from the sale of products.
  
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  Property - is the aggregate of social relations (a system of legal and economic relations) that characterize the various forms (socioeconomic and organizational) of appropriation of property.
  
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  The economic - system is the totality of all economic processes taking place in the world, the state, the country or the society on the basis of the relations of property and economic mechanism that have developed in it.
  
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  Economic relations – objectively developing relations between people in the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods.
  
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  Mercantilism - An economic theory from pre-capitalist times which held that a country’s prosperity depended on its ability to generate large and persistent surpluses in its foreign trade with other countries.
  
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  Monetarism - Strictly speaking, monetarism was a right-wing economic theory (associated with the work of Milton Friedman, in particular) which believed that inflation could be controlled or eliminated by strictly controlling, over long periods of time, the growth of the total supply of money in the economy. This theory was proven wrong in the 1980s (when it became clear that it is impossible, in a modern financial system, to control the supply of money). More broadly, monetarism believes that inflation is a major danger to economic performance, and should be controlled through disciplined policies; modern “quasi-monetarists” agree with this view, but now use high interest rates (rather than monetary targeting) to indirectly regulate the money supply.