The biogas dilemma: An analysis on the social approval of large new plants
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- 4. Conclusions
Participatory process 1,639 0.600 0.490 0 1 Rurality 1,639 2.03 0.900 1 3 Family size 1,561 2.96 1.17 1 5 Female 1,639 0.526 0.499 0 1 Age 1,639 54.59 16.02 19 98 Human capital 1,606 0.230 0.421 0 1 Employed 1,639 0.470 0.499 0 1 Environmental assoc. 1,639 0.065 0.247 0 1 Political party 1,639 0.034 0.182 0 1 M. Mazzanti et al. Waste Management 133 (2021) 10–18 16 relevant for increasing the acceptability of the construction of new biogas plants and for reducing potential protests in areas of interest. Third, the acceptability of biogas does not heavily depend on other socio-economic and demographic variables; rather, it is primarily based on prior knowledge of the production process. Fourth, people who live in rural areas are more likely to accept the biogas plant, which is asso- ciated with the closest proximity to the biogas plant (which are typically built in rural areas and next to other agricultural activities) but also on a better knowledge of the pros and cons of biogas plants, and it is a vital component of many farms. Overall, this evidence highlights how informed people might be more aware of the potential negative and positive impacts of biogas energy production, which is even more important when discriminating between collective and individual effects. Thus, these preliminary Table 2 Correlation matrix among the controls (Controls). (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) First Survey (1) Biogas knowledge 1.0000 (2) Plant project 0.2491 1.0000 (3) Participation 0.1554 0.1805 1.0000 (4) Rurality − 0.0475 0.0225 − 0.0059 1.0000 (5) Family size − 0.0527 − 0.0064 − 0.0013 0.0958 1.0000 (6) Female − 0.2423 − 0.1024 − 0.0726 0.0416 0.0208 1.0000 (7) Age 0.1088 0.0551 − 0.0749 − 0.0216 − 0.4143 − 0.0295 1.0000 (8) Human capital 0.1366 − 0.0096 0.0139 − 0.0698 − 0.0037 0.0410 − 0.0406 1.0000 (9) Employed 0.1213 0.0582 0.0518 0.0019 0.1014 − 0.2189 − 0.2237 0.1914 1.0000 (10) Environmental assoc. 0.0854 0.0084 0.0390 − 0.0617 − 0.0441 − 0.0454 0.0140 0.0678 0.0553 1.0000 (11) Political party 0.0184 0.0140 0.0701 0.0180 − 0.0009 − 0.0877 − 0.0233 0.0075 0.0262 0.1145 1.0000 Second Survey (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (1) Biogas awareness 1.0000 (2) Participatory process 0.0059 1.0000 (3) Rurality − 0.0437 0.0302 1.0000 (4) Family size − 0.0249 0.0252 − 0.0014 1.0000 (5) Female − 0.1069 0.0142 0.0002 0.0392 1.0000 (6) Age − 0.1052 0.0378 − 0.0075 − 0.0699 0.0256 1.0000 (7) Human capital 0.1407 − 0.0536 − 0.1197 − 0.0348 0.0322 − 0.1085 1.0000 (8) Employed 0.1286 − 0.0511 − 0.0566 0.0419 − 0.1609 − 0.4374 0.1850 1.0000 (9) Environmental assoc. 0.0653 − 0.0024 0.0151 − 0.0293 − 0.0345 − 0.0584 0.1436 0.0934 1.0000 (10) Political party − 0.0019 0.0054 − 0.0285 − 0.0185 − 0.0810 − 0.0251 0.0107 0.0553 0.0739 1.0000 – Table 3 Results of the OLS estimation for the first survey. (1) (2) (3) (4) Positive Impact Negative Impact Individual Impact Acceptance Biogas knowledge 0.0690*** − 0.00882 − 0.0258** 0.0344* (0.00967) (0.00963) (0.0113) (0.0179) Plant project 0.00307 − 0.115*** − 0.0357 − 0.148** (0.0316) (0.0416) (0.0424) (0.0702) Participation − 0.0625 − 0.0654 0.0694 − 0.0585 (0.0717) (0.0881) (0.0945) (0.174) Rurality − 0.00847 0.0202 0.0457** 0.0574* (0.0154) (0.0167) (0.0190) (0.0307) Family size 0.00976 0.0155 − 0.0161 0.00921 (0.0124) (0.0128) (0.0148) (0.0234) Female 0.00360 0.0254 − 0.0108 0.0182 (0.0271) (0.0284) (0.0334) (0.0539) Age − 0.00103 0.000696 0.000593 0.000258 (0.000797) (0.000874) (0.00106) (0.00159) Human capital 0.0526* 0.00546 − 0.0418 0.0162 (0.0277) (0.0322) (0.0370) (0.0622) Employed 0.00587 0.0136 − 0.00636 0.0131 (0.0276) (0.0298) (0.0350) (0.0574) Environmental assoc. − 0.00140 − 0.0129 0.00475 − 0.00960 (0.0478) (0.0552) (0.0603) (0.108) Political party − 0.00811 − 0.00274 − 0.142* − 0.153 (0.0794) (0.0820) (0.0782) (0.174) Constant 0.670*** 0.648*** 0.426*** 2.744*** (0.0789) (0.0894) (0.104) (0.157) Andria Dummy − 0.0434 0.0587** − 0.0758** − 0.0604 (0.0270) (0.0291) (0.0334) (0.0540) R 2 0.0156 0.0932 0.0302 0.0258 F 1.103 7.450 2.077 2.341 N 932 932 932 932 *, **, *** significance at 10%, 5% e 1%. Robust S.E. in parenthesis. Table 4 Results of the OLS estimation for the second survey. (1) (2) (3) Collectivity Impact Individual Impact Acceptability Biogas awareness 0.159*** − 0.0623*** 0.264*** (0.0103) (0.0194) (0.0193) Participatory Process 0.00970 − 0.0770* − 0.0182 (0.0229) (0.0448) (0.0423) Rurality 0.0190 − 0.0367 0.0239 (0.0126) (0.0249) (0.0236) Family size − 0.0124 − 0.00649 − 0.0255 (0.0102) (0.0199) (0.0190) Female − 0.0592*** 0.0266 − 0.0966** (0.0228) (0.0449) (0.0427) Age 0.000574 0.00130 0.000867 (0.000823) (0.00166) (0.00155) Human capital 0.0129 − 0.0223 0.0171 (0.0267) (0.0548) (0.0506) Employed − 0.0355 − 0.108** − 0.0947** (0.0252) (0.0500) (0.0476) Environmental assoc. − 0.0465 0.0281 − 0.0761 (0.0436) (0.0924) (0.0819) Political party 0.0237 − 0.00931 0.0413 (0.0564) (0.131) (0.108) Constant 0.305*** 0.482*** 0.871*** (0.0784) (0.149) (0.148) Andria Dummy 0.0793*** 0.0356 0.156*** (0.0228) (0.0468) (0.0422) R 2 0.154 0.0676 0.127 F 26.70 2.596 21.51 N 1553 426 1553 *, **, *** significance at 10%, 5% e 1%. Robust S.E. in parenthesis. M. Mazzanti et al. Waste Management 133 (2021) 10–18 17 results highlight the need to spread knowledge on biogas to improve the degree of acceptability. The participatory process might be essential for increasing the amount of knowledge for the involved communities, which is why two different waves (the first in January 2018 and the second in June 2018) were implemented in the second step of the empirical process. 3.2. Second set of surveys: assessment of participatory processes Table 4 shows the results of a pooled OLS that considers whether the respondents are from the first or second waves by including the dummy Participatory process, which assumes a value of 1 if the respondents are those of the second wave. This process allows for the consideration of the role played by the public participatory process and the public campaigns on the construction of two large biogas plants in Arborea (Sardinia) and Andria (Apulia), with the aim of analysing the potential impact of this informative campaign on local actor perceptions and decisions. Three biogas ‘acceptability indicators’ are set: the collectivity impact, which assumes a value of 1 if the respondents answer that they believe that biogas plants have positive impact on the society and 0 otherwise (column 1); need for incentivization impact among in- dividuals living next to a plant who negatively answered the first question, which assumes a value of 1 if the answer is no (column 2); and a biogas acceptability composite indicator, which is set analogously to that in Section 2 . Biogas awareness shows similar results to those in Table 3 . In detail, it is interesting to note that biogas awareness is significantly positively correlated with the belief that biogas plants have positive impacts on collectivity, and this result is robust after specifically including a local specification for the construction of a hypothetical new plant in the local area of the respondents in the second survey. Nonetheless, higher awareness of biogas production is still negatively correlated with the need to compensate individuals living next to biogas plants. However, it is possible to recognize a positive correlation between awareness and degree of acceptability of the biogas plant, as shown in Column 3. An analysis of the role of the participatory process shows that people who have participated in the second wave of the second survey, which occurred after the public informative campaign on the biogas produc- tion process, indicated that individuals living in the area around biogas plants need to be compensated. This result is thus in line with the results of the first survey, where knowledge of the construction of new plants was at stake. Thus, the informative campaign and participatory process do not appear to change the beliefs of the involved people. Regarding the other control variables, the degree of rurality does not show significant results as observed in the former survey, while being female and employed are negatively correlated with the level of biogas acceptability. Overall, the results of the integrated surveys in this second step indicate again that when assessing biogas acceptability in a given ter- ritory, it is pivotal to discriminate between effects on the community and effects on individuals. After informative campaigns, individuals still recognize the benefits for society, even if we do not show any significant impact on the increase in biogas acceptability when we consider the impact on individuals living close to these plants. Therefore, economic incentives, such as compensatory measures and information provisioning, are levers that can increase awareness and support by local communities. These are marginal investments and measures that may increase the role of stocks of knowledge, namely the existing knowledge (human capital) a territory possesses based on the historical accumulation of capital. 3.3. Robustness checks It is possible to argue that some results might be driven by the way in which we define the composite indicators. In particular, some concerns might arise on the way in which we build the acceptance variable of the first survey (e.g. in Table 3 ) and also in the definition of the regressors biogas knowledge in the first regression and biogas awareness in the second regression. In order to explore this issue, we define several different composite indicators with different rules of aggregation. Overall, results are not sensitive to the composition of indicators. We provide results in Table 5 . The acceptance variable A takes into consideration only ques- tions 1 and 2 of the survey. Furthermore, we also run several definitions of biogas knowledge. As a partial example, knowledge A just includes answers to questions 1 and 2 while, in knowledge B we include answers 1, 2 and 3 on biogas knowledge. We then run several regressions by combining many ‘new’ dependent and control variables. Table 5 pro- vides just a short overview of the stability of the results (full results are available upon request). In the second and third survey, the construction of the dependent variables does not raise major issues, some concerns might arise in the construction of biogas awereness variable. Even in this case we run several regressions with different biogas awareness variables. Similarly, results (available upon request) show stability in all the specifications. 4. Conclusions The paper provides some insights into the social acceptability of biogas plants and renewable energy processes that present general costs and benefits. A survey-based multistep empirical framework is proposed as a tool to analyse knowledge and awareness. The surveys can be Table 5 Robustness checks of the OLS estimation for the first survey. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Acceptance AcceptanceA Positive Impact Positive Impact Individual Impact Individual Impact Biogas knowledge 0.0344* 0.0602*** 0.0690*** − 0.0258** (0.0179) (0.0143) (0.00967) (0.0113) Plant project − 0.148** − 0.112** 0.00307 0.0240 − 0.0357 − 0.0395 (0.0702) (0.0561) (0.0316) (0.0316) (0.0424) (0.0423) Download 0.92 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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