The Classification of Words

9 Хаймовнч и др.
269,

chiefly to their left-hafid connections (see § 347), but even on their right they are attached not only to nouns, but also to pronouns, gerunds, complexes.
§ 470. Speaking about various combinations of units within a sentence H. Kufner writes: "The above three types of structure can all be regarded as examples of expansion, in which each phrase as a whole still performs the same function as its center ¹ or centers. Quite different is the fourth type of structure, in which the phrase as a whole functions differently from either of its two parts ... German (like English) has three types of centerless phrases:

1. 
   Prepositions-object: with me, from here, in a factory,
   
2. 
   Subjects-predicate: he's coming,
   
3. 
   Subordinating conjunctions-subordinate clause" ².
   

As we see, predications apart, only prepositions and con­junctions form combinations that cannot be regarded as a centre (in a simple sentence it is a head-word) and its adjunct. Using the terminology of A. Martinet (see 'note', p. 240) we may say that prepositional and conjunctional phrases are centrifugal, not centripetal.
We have to disagree with H. Kufner on one point only. We make no distinction (with regard to the problem discussed) between coordinating and subordinating conjunctions. In our opinion and John, or Mary are as centreless or centrifugal as with John, to Mary. Of course, if we use both connections of a conjunction, the resulting combination (boys and girls) with two centres (or head-words) can substitute for one of its head-words. But it is similar with prepositions: A garden of roses can substitute for a garden, and go to Moscow can replace
го-Specifiers
§ 471. The peculiar combinability and functions of particles distinguish them from all other words in the sentence. They .-are not adjuncts of definite parts of speech like complements, .attributes or extensions. They do not link any parts of the sentence like connectives. They are not parenthetical elements. :So they make a distinct secondary part of the sentence, spec­ifiers. The name just indicates their function. In simple
¹ What we call the head-word.
² Op. cit.
270
sentences they specify various words and combinations of words by intensifying their meaning (even), by singling them out (only), by showing that something similar was already mentioned (also), etc.
E.g. Is he a terribly good judge of a horse?
Yes. Of anything else, Dinny — no. (Galsworthy). I've tried that too, Aunty. (Ib.). / was only brilliant once. (Ib.).
§ 472. The articles resemble particles in being semi-notional and in functioning as specifiers. But they -specify only one part of speech, nouns. In this they resemble attri­butes.