The Classification of Words

E. g. In the afternoon they will be quarrelling in the usual style, no doubt. (Heyer).
When employed with terminative verbs, it expresses a series of repeated acts in the future.
E. g. He'll be т e e t i n g all sorts of undesirable Qgople unless well looked after. (Grey).
When used i-n speech it sometimes differs from the present
non-continuous non-perfect and the present continuous non-
perfect employed in reference to the future'in presenting an
action which will result from the constraint of circumstances
irrespective of the speaker's will. The future continuous non-
perfect, as it were, brings to the fore the objective nature of
the action; in this case the continuous nature of the action
may be suppressed. When thus employed it is markedly
emphatic. ,
E. g. And now you'll be telling me that I've made a mess of it. I know you'll be wanting waffles. (Wilson).
The usage is so common that I. P. Ivanova ' is even in­clined to think that the future continuous non-perfect is grad­ually developing into what she calls a "pure tense form".
As we do not recognize the existence of pure tense forms (unless they are those of members of tense opposemes such as (I) write—(7) wrote— (I)'II write) we interpret this meaning of the future continuous non-perfect as one of its secondary meanings arising in speech.
The Present Non-Continuous Perfect
§ 271. As a part of the language system it may be said to present an action as associated with the present (present tense) unspecified as to its character (non-continuous aspect) and prior to some situation in the present (perfect order)
¹ Op. cit, p. 91.
169
E.g. I h а и е never h a d a baby and I've never even loved anyone. (Hemingway). / am terribly glad f v e met you at last. (Gals­worthy).
\ou'v e seen Stella? Of course, three times. (Mau­gham).
In certain speech surroundings it may be used to express priority to some situation in the present taken in a wider sense, as it were, priority to the present in general ¹.
Where you British irritate us is that you have lost the spirit of enquiry. (Galsworthy).
Parliament consolidates what has become public practice. (Galsworthy).
§ 272. When used with terminative verbs denoting an action capable of producing some tangible change in the subject or the object the action is connected with, the present perfect regularly acquires a resultative meaning unless the context shows that the action is presented as a repeat­ed one.
E. g. I think we two have found the higher love.
(Shaw).
Our connection in the hotel has gone west and the
business is finished. (Maugham).
I've lost my nerve. Sid. I shall kill myself. (Ib.). But no resultativity is felt in Г ve often lost my head that way. (Lewis).
If a verb, though terminative, is one which does not denote an action affecting the state of the subject or the object, there is no connotation of resultativity.
It has occurred quite unexpectedly. (Rraddon).
§ 273. When employed with non-terminative verbs (or with verbs of double lexical nature used in their non-termin­ative capacity) the present non-continuous perfect often denotes an action as preceding the present moment and still going on at this moment. When so used it is often termed 'the inclusive perfect'.
¹Л. С. Бархударов, Д. А. Ш т e л и н г, op. cit, p. 176.
170

I. P. Ivanova ^г has produced cogent arguments to the effect that the inclusive sense is not inherent in the present perfect as such, but results from its environment, its being used in a certain context showing that the action still goes on; it is, as it were, one of its meanings.