The Classification of Words

COMPOUND-COMPLEX AND COMPLEX-COMPOUND SENTENCES
§ 523. Sometimes subordination and coordination may be combined within one sentence, in which case we may have compound-complex and complex-compound sentences.
¹ See M. Ganshma, N. Vasilevskaya, op. cit., p. 321.
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A compound-complex sentence is essentially a compound sentence in which at least one coordinate clause is complex in structure.
/ know that she loathes me, but I'll make her love me. (Gray).
If a complex sentence has two (or more) subordinate clauses "connected by way of coordination, we have a complex-com­pound sentence, as in
He told me I could see for myself he wasn't very young and his health wasn't very good. (Gilbert).
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
§ 524. Among the composite sentences of English and other languages we find a peculiar type differing from the rest.
Cf. He said, "/ love you". (Greene). ,
He said he loved her. ~~
The first sentence is traditionally called direct speech, the second sentence — indirect speech.
Usually direct speech is defined as "the exact words of the speaker" ¹. But this definition is unsatisfactory in several ways.
1. It is not grammatical. It does not say anything about
the syntactical structure of the sentence. No wonder, there­
fore, that some authors ² use the term 'direct speech' in
reference to all kinds of utterances:
To-morrow morning I leave England.
This is the last time I shall ever look on you. •
"So you, too, are leaving London?" I remarked.
2. 'Exactness' is no criterion. We do not and need not
check up whether the words used are exactly those somebody
said, especially since that 'somebody' may be an imaginary
¹ See M. Ganshina, N. Vasilevskaya, op cit., p. 330.; В. Л. К а-
ушанская and others, op. cit., p. 299.
² See, for instance, И. П. И в а н о в a, op. cit., p. 86.
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person. What matters is not exactness but the way the words are presented.