The Classification of Words

The Category of Aspect
§ 218. The category of aspect is a system of two-member opposemes such as works — is working, has worked — has been working, to work — to be working showing the character of the action, i. e. whether the action is taken in its progress,
¹ See Б А. И л ь и ш, op. cit., p. 165; also Г. Н. В о р о н ц о в а, op. cit., p. 191.

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in its development ('continuous') or it is simply stated, its nature being unspecified ('non-continuous').
§ 219. The problem of aspect is controversial in English grammar. There is but little consensus of opinion about this category in Modern English.
One meets with different lines of approach to English aspect, which can be briefly summarized as follows:

1. 
   Aspect is interpreted as a category of semantics rather
   than that of grammar.
   
2. 
   Aspect is not recognized at all as a category of Modern
   English grammar.
   
3. 
   Aspect is blended with tense and regarded as an inal­
   ienable part of the tense-aspect system.
   
4. 
   Aspect and tense are recognized as two distinct gram­
   matical categories.
   

Typical of the first line are the views advanced by M. Deut-schbein ^!, A. G. Kennedy ², G. Curme ³ and some other gram­marians.
Thus according to Kennedy the Modern English aspect system comprises:

1. 
   The 'terminate'aspect representing an action as a whole,
   as in He went to town.
   
2. 
   The 'ingressive' aspect which points to the beginning
   of the action as in He b e g a n to work.
   
3. 
   The" 'effective' aspect showing the conclusion of an
   action. She ceased speaking.
   
4. 
   The 'durative' aspect presenting an action as contin­
   uous, as in Wheat g г о w s in Canada. He i s walking
   along the street.
   
5. 
   The 'iterative' aspect, Each night the old man would
   walk to town.
   

It is self-evident that this classification has nothing to do with grammar, being based exclusively upon semantic principles.
Those who do not recognize the existence of aspect in Modern English ⁴ treat the 'continuous' forms as tense forms
¹ M Deutschbein Die Einteilung der Aktionsarten. Enghsche
Studien, Bd. 54, 1920.
² A. Q Kennedy Current English. Boston, N. Y., 1935, p. 303, 304.
³ G Curme, op cit, p 373.
⁴ H. Sweet, op cit , pt I, 283, O. Jespersen. A Modern English
Grammar en Historical Principles. 1949, IV, 12, 1.2, 12.5.4.
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(termed 'progressive', 'expanded', 'long', 'durative', or 'relative' tense forms) expressing actions simultaneous with some other actions or situations.
Our objections to this point of view are as follows:

1. 
   The forms wrote — was writing are opposed not as
   tense forms. Both of them express the same tense — the past.
   
2. 
   The idea of simultaneity does not go very well with
   the 'perfect continuous' forms which are a necessary part of
   the system of 'continuous' forms.
   
3. 
   Even the 'non-perfect continuous' forms may be used
   without special indications of simultaneity.
   

E. g. Once in his early life, surprised reading by a night-light, he had said fatuously, "/ was just turn­ing over the leaves, Mum". (J. Galsworthy). I'm s t а у i n g with his sister — who married my cousin. (J. Galsworthy).
4. Simultaneous actions are very often expressed by the
non-continuous forms of the verb.
E. g. Her voice pursued him as he walked up and ,dэwn. (J. Galsworthy).
5. Sentences like
Moonlight was frosting the dew, and an old sun­dial t h r e w a long shadow. (Ib.).
Soames passed into the corner where side by side hung his real Goya and the copy of the fresco "La Vendimia". (J. Gals­worthy).
And next to it w a s h a n g i n g the copy of "La Ven­dimia". (Ib.). show that the continuous and the non-contin­uous forms may express exactly the same relation of the action to time.
All this bears testimony to the fact that the category expressed by the opposition of the continuous and the non-continuous forms is not that of tense.
Likewise we disagree with those who, though recognizing aspect as a grammatical category, think, nevertheless, that it cannot be severed from tense *.
¹ See, for instance, И. П. Иванова, op. oil., also В. Н. Ж и-г а д л о, И. П. И в а н о в а, Л. Л. И о ф и к, op. cit., р. 92.
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¹ t; As we know, in actual speech all the grammatical meanings
of a word always go together in a bunch ¹. Thus in tells we find a) present tense, b) active voice, c) indicative mood, d) singular n ir m b e r, etc.
i, It does not follow, however, that we are unable to separate
the category of mood from the category of tense or the cat­egory of voice from that of aspect.
By opposing tells to told and will tell we single out the
category of tense; by contrasting tells with is telling we bring
r to light the category of aspect. Thus aspect is as closely con-
nected with tense, as it is with voice, order, mood, person, number, etc.
It is perhaps, less closely connected with tense than with order since in the infinitive we find aspect linked with order but not with tense. Cf. to write — to be writing, to have writ­ten — to have been writing.
At any rate, the infinitive proves that aspect can be and is separated from tense.
Consequently, we follow the views advanced by B. A. Ilyish ², A. I. Smirnitsky ³, V. N. Yartseva ⁴, and some other linguists and treat tense and aspect as different gram­matical categories. 4