The Classification of Words

part and depart, give and forgive. Besides, together with their lexical morphemes, de-, for-, -er, -less make units whose co-occurrence with grammat­ical morphemes is similar to that of simple lexical morphe­mes. Cf. home — homes, reader — readers; boy — boy's, reader — reader's; give — gives — giving — shall give, for­give — forgives — forgiving — shall forgive.
Later (§ 30) we shall speak of other properties that morphe­mes like de-, for-, -er, -less have in common with grammati­cal morphemes, on the one hand, and lexical morphemes, on the other.
Owing to their double or intermediate nature, we shall call them lexico grammatical morphemes.
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§ 14. De-, for-, -er, -less are bound morphemes. English possesses also free lexico-grammatical morphemes, or lexico-grammatical word-morphemes.
Units of the type stand up, give in, find out resemble analytical words in each having the form of a combination of words and the content of a word. But there is an essential difference between shall give and give in. Shall does not in­troduce any lexical meaning, while in does. Shall give differs from give grammatically, while give in differs form give lexically. In this respect give in is similar to forgive. In resembles for- also in being associated with the class of lexical morphemes attaching the same set of grammatical morphemes: -s, -ing, shall, will, etc. Cf. gives in, forgives', giving in, for­giving', will give in, will forgive.
There is much similarity in origin and function between the second elements of stand up, break out ¹ and the so-called separable prefixes of the corresponding German verbs auf-•stenen — stand auf, ausbrechen — brack aus. All of them are lexico-grammatical morphemes. But in German they are only partly free, whereas in English they are wholly free morphemes, or word-morphemes.
The extensive use of lexico-grammatical word-morphemes is, as L. P. Smith puts it, "one of the most striking idiosyn­crasies" ⁸ of English. It is an inalienable part of its analytical structure.
Units of the give in type containing lexico-grammatical word-morphemes will be treated here as composite words.
§ 15. A word has at least one lexical morpheme. It may also have grammatical and lexico-grammatical morphemes. The lexical morpheme is regarded as the root of the word, all the other bound morphemes as affixes: prefixes, suffixes and infixes.
Position is not the only difference between prefixes and suffixes in English. Suffixes play a much greater role in the grammatical structure of the language. First, they include grammatical morphemes besides lexico-grammatical ones, whereas prefixes are only lexico-grammatical. Secondly, the lexico-grammatical suffixes are more closely connected
¹ They have been regarded as postpositions (B A Ilyish), adverbs
(A.I. Smirnitsky), postfixes (Y. A Zhluktenko)
² Quoted Jrom С. Б Берлизон Сочетания типа make up,
make for в современном английском языке. М.—Л., 1964, р. 3.
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with grammatical morphemes than prefixes are. The addition of a suffix to the root mostly changes the set of grammatical morphemes attached, which is not typical of prefixes. Cf. teach and teacher, on the one hand, give and forgive, on the other. In this respect lexico-grammatical word-morphemes resemble prefixes, not suffixes. ^J