The dangers of nature and food

The dangers of nature and food

• The dangers of nature and food

• Gene inactivation strategies

• Manipulating crops (toxins)

• Manipulating crops (allergens)

• Transgenic vs. classical approaches

• Consequences & conclusions

• Most of the material presented is the work published by other groups

Used as feed for ruminant animals (whole seeds or meal after oil extraction)

• Used as feed for ruminant animals (whole seeds or meal after oil extraction)

• 44 million metric tons (Mt) of cottonseed (9.4 Mt of protein)

• Could fulfill protein requirements of half a billion people each year (50 g/day rate)

Glucosinolates are sulphur rich compounds from brassicas

• Glucosinolates are sulphur rich compounds from brassicas

• Some beneficial, other toxic (quantity!)

• Upon wounding are converted into toxic products

• Regulators identified (two branches)

• Mutants isolated

Reduction in pesticide content (a corollary of crop domestication) is not without consequences!

• Reduction in pesticide content (a corollary of crop domestication) is not without consequences!

• General pesticides (e.g. cyanide) are worse for humans than specific ones (es. Bt)

• Eat the pesticides you prefer (natural does not imply safer)

Widespread occurrence

• Widespread occurrence

• You may not know it until you experience it

• Nuisance / cost / deadly threat

• Minute amounts of allergens may cause a life-threatening anaphylactic reaction

• May occur after ingestion, skin contact, injection of an allergen or inhalation.

• 48 deaths caused by food over a 7-year period between 1999 and 2006 in UK

Apple

• Apple

• Peanut

• Wheat (celiac disease)

• Soybean

• Ryegrass

• Birch

Support or material from colleagues and friends (especially Parrot, Gressel Kershen, Salamini, Fico, Vitale, Ederle, Maggiore, Petroni, Rossi…)

• Support or material from colleagues and friends (especially Parrot, Gressel Kershen, Salamini, Fico, Vitale, Ederle, Maggiore, Petroni, Rossi…)

• Confidential information or help with literature (Gilissen, Bisht, Rathore, Shah, Carputo, Parisi, Faquet …)

• The support of the CSBA (access to specific books) and Univ. of Milan

Carlini and Grossi-de-Sa´ (2002) Toxicon 40:1515–1539

• Carlini and Grossi-de-Sa´ (2002) Toxicon 40:1515–1539

• R Koes et al. (1995) Targeted gene inactivation in petunia by PCR-based selection of transposon insertion mutants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92:8149-8153.

• Hamilton AJ, Baulcombe DC (1999) A species of small antisense RNA in posttranscriptional gene silencing in plants. Science 286: 950–952

• Batista

• Napoli et al. (1990) Introduction of a Chimeric Chalcone Synthase Gene into Petunia Results in Reversible Co-Suppression of Homologous Genes in trans. Plant Cell. 2:279-289

• van der Kroll et al. (1988) An anti-sense chalcone synthase gene in transgenic plants inhibits flower pigmentation Nature 333:866-869

Lenape: Name of potato variety Lenape withdrawn . Am. J. Potato Res. (1970) 47:103 http://www.springerlink.com/content/a6k677974316541m/fulltext.pdf?page=1

• Lenape: Name of potato variety Lenape withdrawn . Am. J. Potato Res. (1970) 47:103 http://www.springerlink.com/content/a6k677974316541m/fulltext.pdf?page=1

• Herrington (1983) Intense Bitterness in Commercial Zucchini. Cucurbit Genetics Cooperative Report 6:75-76 http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cgc/cgc06/cgc6-38.html

• Sharma (2006) Bottle Gourd Poisoning. Journal of Medical Education & Research, 8:120-121. ISSN 0972-1177. http://openmed.nic.in/1710/01/r.letter.pdf

• Browning S, Hodges L. Cucumber crop information: Bitterness in Zucchini Squash and cucumber. http://cuke.hort.ncsu.edu/cucurbit/cuke/cukehndbk/cukebitterness.html

• Finkelstein et al., (1994) An outbreak of phytophotodermatitis due to celery. Int. J. Dermatol.33:116-8.

• Fleming (1990) Dermatitis in grocery workers associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in celery. Allergy Proc. 11:125-7.

• Berkley et al., (1986) Dermatitis in grocery workers associated with high natural concentrations of furanocoumarins in celery. Ann Intern Med. 105:351-5.

• Ames et al., (1990) Dietary pesticides (99.99% all natural). Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7777-7781.

• Ames B.N., Profet M., and Gold L. S. (1990) Nature's chemicals and synthetic chemicals: comparative toxicology. PNAS 87:19 7782-7786.

Campion et al., (2009) Isolation and characterisation of an lpa (low phytic acid) mutant in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theor Appl Genet. 2009 Feb 18.

• Campion et al., (2009) Isolation and characterisation of an lpa (low phytic acid) mutant in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Theor Appl Genet. 2009 Feb 18.

• Shi et al. (2007) Embryo-specific silencing of a transporter reduces phytic acid content of maize and soybean seeds Nature Biotechnology 25, 930-937

• Doria et al. (2009) Phytic acid prevents oxidative stress in seeds: evidence from a maize (Zea mays L.) low phytic acid mutant. J Exp Bot. 60:967-78.

E. N. Clare Mills (Editor), Peter R. Shewry (Editor) "Plant Food Allergens“ (2005) Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN-10: 0632059826

• E. N. Clare Mills (Editor), Peter R. Shewry (Editor) "Plant Food Allergens“ (2005) Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN-10: 0632059826

• Gilissen et al., (2005) Silencing the major apple allergen Mal d 1 by using the RNA interference approachJ. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 115:364-369

• Gao et al. (2008) Assessment of allelic diversity in intron-containing Mal d 1 genes and their association to apple allergenicity. BMC Plant Biology 8:116

• Herman et al., (2003) Targeted gene silencing removes an immunodominant allergen from soybean seeds. Plant Physiol. 132:36-43

• Herman E. (2005) Soybean Allergenicity and Suppression of the Immunodominant Allergen. Crop Sci. 45:462–467

• Schenk M. (2008) Birch pollen allergy: molecular characterization and hypoallergenic products. Ph.D. thesis (Wageningen University). ISBN 978-90-8504-873-2

• Pumphrey RS, Gowland MH. Further fatal allergic reactions to food in the United Kingdom, 1999-2006. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:1018-9.

• Anaphylactic shock: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XC0nHFblLcE

• Yaklich, R., R. Helm, and E. Herman. 1999. Analysis of the distribution of the major soybean allergen in a core collection of Glycine max accessions. Crop Sci. 39:1444–1447.

• Joseph L.M., Hymowitz T., Schmidt M.A. and Herman E. M. (2006) Evaluation of Glycine Germplasm for Nulls of the Immunodominant Allergen P34/Gly m Bd 30k. Crop Sci 46:1755-1763

Cassava poisoning

• Cassava poisoning

• http://www.aciar.gov.au/project/CS2/1990/007

• http://www.cfs.gov.hk/english/multimedia/multimedia_pub/multimedia_pub_fsf_19_01.html

• Teles FF. (2002) Chronic poisoning by hydrogen cyanide in cassava and its prevention in Africa and Latin America. Food Nutr Bull. 23:407-12.

• Oluwole et al., (2000) Persistence of tropical ataxic neuropathy in a Nigerian community. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 69:96-101.

• http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/_srcfiles/28_Cyanogenic_glycosides.pdf

• (glucosidi cianogenici)

• http://www.ripper.com.au/~enneking/pdf/pdf-Famine-in-Afghanistan-threat-of-a-new-lathyrism-epidemic.pdf (Lathyrism)

• http://encyclopedia.farlex.com/cassava (Cassava)

www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/index.html

• www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/index.html

• Poisoning

• http://www.biomedexperts.com/Abstract.bme/17560071/Acute_Datura_stramonium_poisoning_in_an_emergency_department

• http://www.uni-sz.bg/tsj/Vo4No3_1/Binev%202.pdf