The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism
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The Failures of Mathematical Anti-Evolutionism (Jason Rosenhouse) (z-lib.org)
Definition 1 We say that the limit of the function f(x) at the point
x = c is L if for all > 0, there exists a δ > 0, such that if |x − c| < δ, then |f(x) − L| < . In this case we write lim x →c f(x) = L. The function f(x) is continuous at x = c if lim x →c f(x) = f(c). It is the work of several class periods in a calculus course to convince students that these definitions really do capture our intuitive notion of continuity. To parse the technical definition, keep in mind that the notation “ |x − c|” can be understood to mean “the distance between x and c.” The Greek letters δ (delta) and (epsilon) should be thought of as really small positive numbers. With that in mind, the definition of “limit” is really saying something like this: If x is very close to c, then f(x) 72 3 parallel tracks L c f(c) figure 3.5 This function is discontinuous at the point c. A bug crawling over the top of the hill and heading toward c will expect to end up at the point L when he gets there, indicated by the open circle. But he is in for a surprise because the function suddenly jumps to a different value when we reach c on the x axis. In other words, the function’s behavior near the point c does not match its behavior at the point c. To the left of c the function behaves one way, but then it does something completely different at and to the right of c. The arrows at the far left and far right of the diagram indicate that the curves continue infinitely in the indicated direction. They are separate from what is happening at the point c. is very close to L. In terms of Figure 3.5, the bug crawling along the curve thinks he will end up at the open circle, and that represents the limit of the function at that point (at least as we approach from the left). The definition of continuity then says that the value L that we are approaching should match the value of the function at the point. That is precisely what does not happen in Figure 3.5. The bug thinks he will end up at the open circle, but he is in for a surprise. The function value actually jumps at that point, and that is why the function is discontinuous there. 3.2 you need both rigor and intuition 73 This sort of thing takes a lot of getting used to. You were proba- bly much happier when a continuous function was just one that could be drawn without lifting your pencil from the paper. However, this is another nice illustration of the parallel tracks. If you have no inkling that a continuous function is something like a smooth, graceful arc, then it will be hard to understand what the technical definitions are getting at. But if you only think of continuous functions as smooth, graceful arcs, then you will be in real trouble when working with complicated functions whose graphs are not readily forthcoming. You need to work with both tracks simultaneously. Though this is a book about mathematics, I have mostly tried to avoid using notation and jargon. Going forward, it will not be necessary to understand the symbols I have used in this section. However, I did have a reason for showing them to you. When you are trying to communicate the main ideas of a branch of mathematics to a lay audience, it is perfectly fine to employ a casual, informal, track one understanding of the concepts. But if you claim that you have mathematical proof that a major branch of science is thoroughly rotten to its core, then you had better be ready to work at a track two level. Do you really have a strong mathematical argument, or are you just aping mathematical terminology to create a phony air of precision? Formulating a good mathematical argument requires meticulous attention to detail and the utmost clarity in defining your model. As we proceed, we shall see that anti-evolutionist mathematics is plagued by an inability to get both tracks right. Inevitably, one or the other of the tracks is missing. Sometimes they make audacious claims to have found a math- ematical disproof of evolutionary theory, but then present only a muddled, track one argument. When you ask for the track two details that would make the argument persuasive, you find that nothing is forthcoming. Other times they present copious track two minu- tiae, but when you try to work out the track one understanding of what is really going on, you find that the jargon and notation are 74 3 parallel tracks nothing but gobbledygook, and that nothing substantive is really being said at all. We will see examples of both fallacies in the chapters to come. 3.3 bad mathematical modeling There is an old joke about a group of dairy farmers who want to increase milk production from their cows. They bring the problem to some local physicists, who spend the next week working on it. The lead physicist then reports their results to the farmers. He says, “We have a solution to your problem, but it only works if you assume spherical cows in a vacuum.” There are several aphorisms in science that make the same point. It is sometimes said that when presuming to devise a scientific model, you should make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler. Another holds that all models are wrong, but some are useful. The point is that all models are based on unrealistic simplifying assumptions, but sometimes those assumptions are near enough to being true that we never notice the difference. For example, consider our model for the path of a ball from Section 3.1. Our model was wrong in the sense that we ignored air resistance. Even for dense objects like cannonballs or baseballs, air resistance has an effect and therefore our model inevitably gives the wrong answer. However, the model was useful because the difference between what the model predicts and what actually happens is so small that we would need very sensitive equipment to measure the difference. Had we used something less dense, such as a table tennis ball, it would be a more serious mistake to ignore air resistance. The history of science records many instances of clever mod- eling being undone by invalid assumptions. A famous example of Download 0.99 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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