The First Industrial Revolution: Creation of a New Global Human Era
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- 6.5. Economic Development
6.4. Population Growth
From 10,000 BC to 1800, the rate of growth of global population was 0.01% advance or less per year. In the 17 th century about 1.5% of pregnancies ended with the death of the mother, which is equivalent to a women marrying at 25, who would give birth to the average of 5.6 children for such marriages. But in the early 19 th century these chances had dropped to about one-third (Clark, 2007a). 10 Haradhan Kumar Mohajan: The First Industrial Revolution: Creation of a New Global Human Era During the IR child and infant mortality rate decreased and fertility rate increased due to the development of medical science, improvement of sanitary system and economic development. When standard of living changed, population growth had dramatically changed. In England population growth was 1.36% per year during 1791 to 1831; between 1680 and 1820 the population increased 133% and between 1820 and 1900 it rose another 166%. The population of Britain had more than doubled from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and, by 1901, had nearly doubled again to 32.5 million. Population tripled between 1761 and 1861. Europe’s population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900 (Murmann, 2003). 6.5. Economic Development Between 1250 and 1800 there was little sustained improvement in the British economy. During the IR a small part of the economy had improved. Between 1780 and 1989, the real wage became 22-fold (Clark, 2007a; Khan, 2008). In the USA, between 1865 and 1920 real gross domestic product (GDP) became more than seven times and real per capita product became more than double (1.7% per year), which was higher than ever before in the US history (Carter et al., 2006). During the IR systems of transportation communication and banking improved. The IR also improved standard of living of the rich but the bulk of the population was at the bottom of the social ladder (Clark, 2010; Mingay, 1986). In the 18 th century Britain had a successful economy. A grand coalition of merchants and landowners emerged to protect commerce and property. Between 1806 and 1906 income per person grew at an average of 0.9% per year in Britain. From 1906 to 1990 it grew 1.5% per year (Rostow, 1960). Growth during the IR was slow by modern standards. Business area has increased between countries. New types of economic systems developed. For example, capitalism expanded in the USA; socialism in Great Britain and France; and communism in the Soviet Union (Broadberry and Gupta, 2005). Download 248.31 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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