The Future of Public Employee Retirement Systems
Download 1,26 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
mitchell olivia s anderson gary the future of public employe
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- The Future of Public Employee Retirement Systems
- Part I. Costs and Benefits of Public Employee Retirement Systems
- Part III. The Political Economy of Public Pensions
- The Pension Research Council
- Notes on Contributors Neveen Ahmed
- Notes on Contributors xv Texas and Arizona legislatures. He received his MA from the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas-Austin. Robert L. Clark
The Future of Public Employee Retirement Systems The Future of Public Employee Retirement Systems EDITED BY Olivia S. Mitchell and Gary Anderson 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox 2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Pension Research Council, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 2009 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Data available Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by MPG Books Group, Bodmin and King’s Lynn ISBN 978–0–19–957334–9 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Preface xii Notes on Contributors xiv Abbreviations xx 1. The Future of Public Employee Retirement Systems 1 Olivia S. Mitchell Part I. Costs and Benefits of Public Employee Retirement Systems 2. Estimating State and Local Government Pension and Retiree Health Care Liabilities 19 Stephen T. McElhaney 3. The Case for Marking Public Plan Liabilities to Market 29 Jeremy Gold and Gordon Latter 4. Between Scylla and Charybdis: Improving the Cost Effectiveness of Public Pension Retirement Plans 58 M. Barton Waring 5. Public Pensions and State and Local Budgets: Can Contribution Rate Cyclicality Be Better Managed? 75 Parry Young 6. Benefit Cost Comparisons Between State and Local Governments and Private Industry Employers 85 Ken McDonnell 7. Administrative Costs of State Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Systems 97 Edwin C. Hustead 8. Thinking about Funding Federal Retirement Plans 105 Toni Hustead vi Contents Part II. Implementing Public Retirement System Reform 9. Reforming the German Civil Servant Pension Plan 115 Raimond Maurer, Olivia S. Mitchell, and Ralph Rogalla 10. The Outlook for Canada’s Public Sector Employee Pensions 143 Silvana Pozzebon 11. Unifying Pension Schemes in Japan: Toward a Single Scheme for Both Civil Servants and Private Employees 164 Junichi Sakamoto 12. Redefining Traditional Plans: Variations and Developments in Public Employee Retirement Plan Design 187 Keith Brainard 13. Defined Contribution Pension Plans in the Public Sector: A Benchmark Analysis 206 Roderick B. Crane, Michael Heller, and Paul J. Yakoboski Part III. The Political Economy of Public Pensions 14. The Evolution of Public Sector Pension Plans in the United States 239 Robert L. Clark, Lee A. Craig, and Neveen Ahmed 15. Pension Fund Activism: The Double-Edged Sword 271 Brad M. Barber 16. The New Intersection on the Road to Retirement: Public Pensions, Economics, Perceptions, Politics, and Interest Groups 294 Beth Almeida, Kelly Kenneally, and David Madland Index 327 List of Figures 3-1 Comparison of Entry Age Normal (EAN) liabilities to Accrued Benefit Obligation (ABO) liabilities. Assumed salary scale: 0 percent 38 3-2 Comparison of Entry Age Normal (EAN) liabilities to Accrued Benefit Obligation (ABO) liabilities. Assumed salary scale: 5 percent 42 3-3 Nominal interest rates: actuarial versus market 44 3-4 Real interest rates: actuarial versus market 46 3-5 Treasury interest rates, real and break-even inflation rates (as of 3/31/2008) 46 5-1 Employer contributions as percent of state and local government payroll 77 5-2 Estimated impact of recommended method as if implemented 10 years ago 80 9-1 Age distribution of active civil servants in 2004 119 9-2 Range of pension costs under alternative asset allocations 130 9-3 Time paths of supplementary public pension contributions and cost savings under optimal asset allocation strategy. Panel A. Probabilities of supplementary contributions and contribution holidays over time. Panel B. Magnitudes (in billions of 2004 euros) of expected supplementary contributions and cost saving due to contribution holidays 133 10-1 Percentage of paid workers covered by a Registered Pension Plan (RPP), total and by sector, Canada: 1981–2006 146 10-2 Percentage of registered pension plan members in defined benefit and defined contribution plans by sector, Canada: 1974–2007 (at January 1) 148 10-3 Asset allocation of trusteed public sector pension funds, Canada: 1992–2006 (percentage of total assets at market value) 155 10-4 Asset allocation of trusteed private sector pension funds, Canada: 1992–2006 (percentage of total assets at market value) 156 11-1 Japan’s current social security pension schemes 165 viii List of Figures 11-2 Financing basic pension benefits in Japan 173 11-3 Merging the Mutual Aid Associations (MAAs) for Japan Railway Company (JR), Salt and Tobacco Monopoly Enterprise (JT), and Nippon Telegraph and Telecommunications Enterprise (NTT) employees with the Employees’ Pension Insurance (EPI) scheme 176 14-1 Mean income replacement rates, state pension plans, by years of service, 1982 and 2006 248 14-2 Mean income replacement rates of state pension plans, by social security coverage, 1982 249 14-3 Mean income replacement rates of state pension plans, by social security coverage, 2006 249 15-1 Relation between agency costs, monitoring expenditures, and portfolio value. Panel A. Agency costs and monitoring expenditures. Panel B. Shareholder expenditures on monitoring and portfolio value 275 15-2 Cumulative market-adjusted returns for CalPERS focus list firms, 1992 to 2007 283 15-3 Cumulative gains from CalPERS shareholder activism for different horizons 287 16-1 Effect of various factors on the probability of introducing a defined contribution plan 305 List of Tables 3-1 Summary of data from four public pension plans’ Comprehensive Annual Financial Reports (CAFRs: $mm for aggregate financial values) 37 3-2 Factors used to convert Entry Age Normal (EAN) Accrued Actuarial Liabilities (AAL) to Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO). Assumed salary scale: 0 percent 39 3-3 Factors used to convert Entry Age Normal (EAN) liabilities to Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) liabilities. Assumed salary scale: 5 percent 40 3-4 Converting Entry Age Normal (EAN) liabilities to Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) liabilities: various salary assumptions 43 3-5 First adjustment: converting the Actuarial Accrued Liability (AAL) to Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) 43 3-6 Second adjustment: converting the Accumulated Benefit Obligation (ABO) to a Market Value Liability (MVL) 45 3-7 Comparison of funded status: Actuarial vs. Market 47 5-1 Employer contributions as a percent of state and local government payroll 77 6-1 Employer costs for employee compensation and percentage of full-time employees participating in employee benefit programs: state and local governments: 1998 and 2007 86 6-2 Employer costs for employee compensation and percentage of full-time employees participating in employee benefit programs: private industry 88 6-3 Employment and total compensation costs, by industry group and union membership, state and local governments and private sector: 2007 91 6-4 Employment and total compensation costs in state and local governments and private sector by occupation group, ages 16 and older 93 7-1 Annual administrative expenses for state retirement plans as a percentage of contributions and assets 99 x List of Tables 7-2 Administrative expenses of Federal plans 101 9-1 Projected benefit liabilities and contribution rates: deterministic model 122 9-2 Simulated parameters for stochastic asset case 128 9-3 Risk of alternative asset allocation patterns assuming fixed contribution rate 129 9-4 Optimal asset allocation patterns for alternative parameterizations 135 9-A1 Estimated quarterly VAR parameters 138 10-1 Overview of public and private sector Registered Pension Plans (RPPs), Canada, 2007 (at January 1) 145 10-2 General characteristics of public and private sector registered pension plans, Canada 2007, at January 1 (percent of members) 148 10-3 Design features of public and private sector Defined Benefit Registered Pension Plans, Canada 2007, at January 1 (percent of members) 150 10-4 Contributions to public and private sector Registered Pension Plans, Canada 2007, at January 1 151 11-1 Contribution programs for each scheme for employees 179 12-1 Earnings and dividend credit rates applied to accounts in the Nebraska Public Employee Retirement System cash balance plan, 2003–2007 189 12-2 Comparison of inflation-adjusted benefit with and without the Minnesota Teachers’ Retirement Association deferred annuity benefit 198 12-3 Earnings credit applied to individual accounts in the Oregon Public Employee Retirement System, 2004–2007 200 12-4 Defined benefit plans with mandatory defined contribution components sponsored by state governments 201 13-1 Retirement income targets 209 13-2 Retirement income replacement projections under a defined contribution plan 211 13-3 Best practice recommendations for core defined contribution plan design in the public sector 212 13-4 Projected income replacement rates at retirement for selected public core DC plans 218 List of Tables xi 13-A1 Comparison of best practice benchmarks to major public sector core DC plans 223 14-1 Descriptive statistics, means, and standard deviations of independent variables 252 14-2 Multivariate models of replacement ratios for state and local employees, with 20 years of service, 1982 and 2006 253 14-3 Explanation of the percentage change in replacement ratios for state employees with 20 years of service, between 1982 and 2006 255 14-A1 Benefit formulas and retirement ages for state employee pension plans, by state, 1982 and 2006 257 14-A2 Plan contributions and vesting requirements 263 15-1 Announcement day market-adjusted returns and valuation impact for CalPERS focus list firms by year, 1992 to 2007 281 15-2 Daily abnormal returns (Alpha) to value-weighted portfolios of CalPERS focus list firms at different holding periods, 1992 to 2007 285 16-1 Empirical determinants of the public’s self-reported preferences for plan type and plan features 303 Preface Many millions of pension plan participants all over the world have recently awakened to the sad fact that financial market collapse can—virtually overnight—erode a lifetime of saving for old age. The shock is made worse by the fact the global age wave is also cresting, with rising numbers of elderly and declining working-age populations to support them. This volume focuses on the retirement systems provided to public sector employ- ees, paying careful attention to their costs, their benefits, and their future in light of these current financial and demographic challenges. There is no question but that those covered by public pensions are often the subject of ‘pension envy’: that is, their benefits might seem more generous and their contributions lower than those offered by the private sector. Yet this volume points out that such judgments are often inaccurate, since civil servants hold jobs for with few counterparts in private industry, such as firefighters, police, judges, and teachers. Often these are riskier, dirtier, and demand more loyalty and discretion than would be required of a more mobile labor force in the private sector. In any event, there remains ample room for comparative and analytic judgment. Accordingly, one focus of this book is on financial aspects of these schemes, addressing the cost and valuation debate. Another is the political economy of how public pension asset pools are perceived and managed, an increasingly important topic in times of global financial turmoil. And finally we undertake an international comparison of public retirement system reform, exploring ways that public pensions can be strengthened in the United States, Japan, Canada, and Germany. We are thus happy to represent the vigorous debate currently underway by academics, financial experts, regulators, and plan sponsors, all seeking to define a new future for public retirement systems. Previous research studies directed at the Pension Research Council and the Boettner Center of the Wharton School of the University of Penn- sylvania have focused on public and private pensions as well as retire- ment adequacy in the United States and around the world. As with all of our research volumes, we owe much to our fine contributors, coeditors, and conference participants. In this instance, Gary Anderson served as a wonderful co-organizer and we owe him many thanks. The Senior Part- ners and Institutional Members of the Pension Research Council are also very much appreciated for their intellectual and financial support. The Wharton School provided conference facilities and funding, permitting the initial research findings to be reported. Additional financial sustenance Preface xiii was received from the Pension Research Council, the Boettner Center for Pensions and Retirement Research, and the Ralph H. Blanchard Memor- ial Endowment at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The manuscript was expertly prepared and carefully edited by Andrew Gallagher and Matt Rosen, with assistance from Hilary Farrell. On behalf of these institutions and individuals, we thank all of our fine collaborators and supporters for their help and intellectual guidance in these times of financial turmoil. Olivia S. Mitchell Pension Research Council Boettner Center for Pensions and Retirement Research The Wharton School The Pension Research Council The Pension Research Council of the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania is an organization committed to generating debate on key policy issues affecting pensions and other employee benefits. The Council sponsors interdisciplinary research on the entire range of private and social retirement security and related benefit plans in the United States and around the world. It seeks to broaden understanding of these complex arrangements through basic research into their economic, social, legal, actuarial, and financial foundations. Members of the Advisory Board of the Council, appointed by the Dean of the Wharton School, are leaders in the employee benefits field, and they recognize the essential role of social security and other public sector income maintenance programs while sharing a desire to strengthen private sector approaches to economic secu- rity. More information about the Pension Research Council is available on the Internet at http://www.pensionresearchcouncil.org or send email to prc@wharton.upenn.edu. Notes on Contributors Neveen Ahmed is a doctoral candidate in Economics at North Carolina State University studying US financial markets and public pensions. She received her MA in economics from North Carolina State University and her BSc in Economics from Cairo University. Beth Almeida is the Executive Director of the National Institute on Retire- ment Security, a not-for-profit organization that conducts research and education programs on US pensions. She has worked previously with the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers and led research initiatives at the University of Bonn’s Center for European Integra- tion Studies; the European Institute for Business Administration; and the Center for Industrial Competitiveness at the University of Massachusetts- Lowell. She received her bachelor’s degree in International Business from Lehigh University and her master’s degree in economics from the Univer- sity of Massachusetts-Amherst. Gary Anderson is a consultant on public pension issues; previously he served as Executive Director of the Texas Municipal Retirement system which covers municipal employees and retirees for many Texas cities. He is also an Advisory Board member of Wharton’s Pension Research Council, and has served with the National Association of State Retirement Adminis- trators and the Government Finance Officers Association. He received his BA in Political Science from Texas A&M University, and his MA in Public Management from the University of Houston-Clear Lake City. Brad M. Barber is a Professor of Finance at the Graduate School of Man- agement, UC Davis. His recent research focuses on pension fund activism, analyst recommendations, and investor psychology. At UC Davis, he teaches courses in investment analysis and corporate financial policy. He received his Ph.D. in Finance and his MBA from the University of Chicago, and his BS in Economics from the University of Illinois. Keith Brainard is the research director for the National Association of State Retirement Administrators. His work focuses on governmental pension plans and defined benefit pensions; he also maintains the Public Fund Survey, an online compendium of public pension data. Mr. Brainard pre- viously served as manager of budget and planning for the Arizona State Retirement System, and he provided fiscal research and analysis for the Notes on Contributors xv Texas and Arizona legislatures. He received his MA from the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas-Austin. Robert L. Clark is Professor of Economics and Professor of Management, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship at North Carolina State University. His research examines retirement decisions, the choice between defined ben- efit and defined contribution plans, the impact of pension conversions to defined contribution and cash balance plans, the role of information and communications on 401(k) contributions, government regulation of pensions, the development of public sector retirement plans, and Social Security. He also studies economic responses to population aging in devel- oped countries and international retirement plans, especially Japan. He serves on Wharton’s Pension Research Council Advisory Board and is a Governor of the Foundation for International Studies on Social Security. Professor Clark earned his BA from Millsaps College and his MA and Ph.D. from Duke University. Lee A. Craig is Alumni Distinguished Professor of Economics at North Carolina State University. His research focuses on long-run changes in US agricultural productivity growth, the evolution and integration of agricul- tural commodity markets, the gold standard and the history of business cycles, and the history of public sector pensions and pension finance. He has been affiliated with the National Bureau of Economic Research; a trustee of the Economic History Association and the Cliometric Society; a fellow of the Center for Demographic Studies at Duke University; a fellow of the Seminar für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Universität München, Germany; and a member of the North Carolina Academy of Outstanding Teachers. Professor Craig received his BS and MA from Ball State University and his MA and Ph.D. from Indiana University. Download 1,26 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2025
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling