The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore
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The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) by Kalyan Sen Gupta (z-lib.org)
Nationalism, he points out that economic interests, geographical boundaries,
a common territory and heredity generally bind people into nations. But a nation, as he has learned from his experience of Western nationalism, is the aspect of a whole people as an organized power where the spirit of conflict and conquest, and not of social cooperation, gains the upper hand. A nation, he says, is a ‘geographical demon’ which, like a selfish individual, pursues power, wealth and importance at the cost of others. This ‘demon’ destroys but does not create, and fosters in people both a false pride in their own race and a hatred of others. A main impetus behind the establishment of Shantiniketan as an alternative university was this desire to expel the ‘geographical demon’. In this connection, Rabindranath adroitly distinguishes nation-state government from other forms of government in Indian history. The crux of his contention is that national government – that of the British, for example – is a mechanical, impersonal organization of power, while the texture of earlier governments in India ‘was loosely woven, leaving gaps through which our own life sent its threads and imposed its designs’. 50 To put it in a different way, national government, like Big Brother in George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty Politics, Gandhi and Nationalism 53 Four, seeks strict conformity for the sake of efficient management, without leaving space for individual freedom and creativity: Before the Nation came to rule over us [under British colonial rule] we had other governments which were foreign, and these, like all governments, had some elements of the machine in them. But the difference between them and the government by the Nation is like the difference between the hand-loom and the power-loom. In the products of the hand-loom the magic of man’s living fingers finds its expression, and its hum harmonizes with the music of life. But the power- loom is relentlessly lifeless and accurate and monotonous in its production. 51 ‘The Nation of the West,’ he continues, ‘forges its iron chains of organization which are the most relentless and unbreakable that have ever been manufactured in the whole history of man.’ 52 This is true, he argues, not just in the case of British colonial rule, but in that of any society ruled as a nation- state. Tagore’s point, then, is that in every society under the tutelage of a nation-state human values are seriously at risk; everywhere the picture is the same – selfish, mechanical organization instead of social solidarity, fierce competition instead of warm cooperation, hatred instead of love and amity, totalitarianism instead of individual freedom. This attitude accounts for Tagore’s polemic against the idea of nationalism that imbued the freedom movement in India. That idea, he says, does not belong to the traditions of India, which has ‘never had a sense of nationalism’. 53 It has never been organized for political and economic aggrandizement; on the contrary, in the Indian tradition, the aim has always been human solidarity, achieved through acknowledging and accommodating differences in race and religion. India has always sought ‘an adjustment of races, to acknowledge the real differences between them, and yet seek some basis of unity’. 54 In other words, the ideology of India has not been a political one, but a social one transmitted through the teachings of saints like Nanak, Kabir, Chaitanya and others. It is this social ideology, the ideology of world-community that, he believes, India has to offer to the world. Although Rabindranath had no sympathy for nationalism, he was a patriot. This may have been difficult for his contemporaries to grasp, but, for Tagore, ‘nationalism’ and ‘patriotism’ are far from synonymous. Nationalism is a political ‘demon’, while patriotism means a love of one’s country and commitment to its traditions which aims at social cohesion and encourages communication, consensus and fruitful interchange. This is why he criticizes Gandhi’s whole-hearted devotion to politics. Gandhi’s belief that politics should form the basic framework for everybody to work within is one that Tagore could not share. What he could share with Gandhi, however, was a strong antipathy towards imperialistic nationalism. This was never more evident than in his Crisis in Civilization, written only a few days before his death. 54 Download 467.3 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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