The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore
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The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) by Kalyan Sen Gupta (z-lib.org)
The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore
In the Crisis, he points out that India has always been open to other civilizations, particularly to Europe. Burke and Macaulay, Shakespeare and Byron had had a great impact on the Indians, who never lost their admiration for the English people even during their struggle for freedom against colonialism. Tagore appreciates, however, ‘how easily those who accepted the highest truths of civilization disowned them with impunity whenever questions of national self-interest were involved’. He continues: While I was lost in the contemplation of the world of civilization, I could never have remotely imagined that the great ideals of humanity would end in such ruthless travesty. But today a glaring example of it stares us in the face in the utter and contemptuous indifference of a so-called civilized race to the well-being of scores of Indian people. 55 Tagore’s appreciation of what he had once been unable to imagine results in his ‘gradual loss of faith in the claims of the European nations to civilization’. ‘I had at one time believed that the springs of civilization would issue out of the heart of Europe,’ he recalls at the very end of his life, ‘but today I am about to quit the world where that hope has gone bankrupt altogether.’ 56 Despite that remark, however, what remains in the end is Tagore’s reassuring faith in the capacity of man to overcome self-interest in order to work for social harmony between different races and religions. ‘As I look around I see the crumbling ruins of a proud civilization. And yet I shall not commit the grievous sin of losing faith in Man.’ 57 In this and the previous chapter we have considered Rabindranath’s most important contributions to social and political debate. His was a commitment, in summary, to harmonious social relations and to the crucial role of education rather than to any political stratagem. He never gives primacy to the state over society, which explains his strong reservations towards the national movement and the political struggle to capture state power. His stress is upon the battle for the mind and the inner powers or ‘soul-force’ of the people, not upon a political battle which aims at replacement of one set of rulers by another. As he observes: Alien government in India is a chameleon. Today it comes in the guise of the Englishmen, tomorrow perhaps as some other foreigner; the next day, without abating a jot of its virulence, it may take the shape of our own countrymen. However determinedly we may try to hunt this monster of foreign dependence with outside lethal weapons, it will always elude our pursuit by changing its skin, or its colour. 58 Tagore retains a faith in the freedom and creative ability of individuals to build a beautiful society that he never had in political power which, according Politics, Gandhi and Nationalism 55 to him, seeks order and conformity and thwarts the best in individuals in the interests of dull, standardized uniformity. Certainly Tagore participated in the political issues of his time, but even here one senses his passionate social commitment which ultimately aims at human solidarity. Solidarity, for Tagore, is a matter of imaginative identification with lives different from one’s own. It is created by increasing our imaginative sensibility so as to see differences of tribe, race and religion as inessential, to explore similarities between peoples, and to ascertain how their differences may be harmonized, like the different notes in a musical whole. Notes 1 Taken from Samaj Chinta (Social Thought) (in Bengali), ed. Satyendra nath Roy, Calcutta: Granthalaya Private Limited, 1985, pp. 246–7. 2 Ibid., p. 247. 3 The Religion of Man, London: Allen & Unwin, 1931, p. 27. 4 Kalantar, Rabindra Rachanabali, 15 vols, Calcutta: West Bengal Government, 1961, p. 373. 5 Ibid. 6 Tagore’s lecture on ‘Swadeshi Samaj’, in Samaj Chinta, ed. Roy, pp. 99–100. 7 Ibid., p. 106. 8 Gitanjali, poem xi, Calcutta: Tulikalam, 2002, p. 150. 9 Arogya, poem 10, Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. 3, pp. 822–3. 10 The Mahatma and the Poet, compiled and edited by Sabyasachi Bhattacharya, New Delhi: National Book Trust of India, 1999, p. 74; this, in the words of Sabyasachi, ‘is a collection of letters and debates exchanged by Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore between 1915 and 1941’. I have drawn heavily on this book for materials on the controversy between Gandhi and Tagore examined in the next section. 11 Ibid., p. 86. 12 Pally Prakriti, Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. 13, p. 517. 13 Ibid., p. 523. 14 C.E.M. Joad, Introduction to Modern Political Theory, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976, pp. 118–19. 15 Bhattacharya, The Mahatma and the Poet, p. 57. 16 Ibid., p. 58. 17 Ibid. 18 Education, Rabindra Rachanabali, Vol. 11, p. 665. 19 Bhattacharya, The Mahatma and the Poet, p. 76. 20 Ibid., p. 62. 21 Ibid. 22 Ibid., p. 59. 23 Ibid., p. 78. 24 Ibid., p. 83. 25 Ibid. 26 Ibid., p. 8. 27 Ibid., pp. 81–2. 28 Ibid., p. 59. 29 Ibid. 56 The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore 30 Ibid., p. 61. 31 Ibid., p. 62. 32 Ibid., p. 88. 33 Ibid., pp. 63–4. 34 Ibid., p. 64. 35 Ibid., p. 66. 36 Ibid., p. 88. 37 Ibid., p. 90. 38 Ibid., p. 126. 39 Ibid., p. 64. 40 Ibid., p. 66. 41 Nationalism, reprinted Madras: Macmillan, 1985, p. 10. 42 Pally Prakriti, Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. 13, p. 527. 43 Bhattacharya, The Mahatma and the Poet, p. 127. 44 Ibid., p. 29. 45 Parasye (In Persia; in Bengali), Rabindra Rachanabali, vol. 10, pp. 747–802. 46 Char Adhyay (in Bengali), Calcutta: Visva Bharati, 1934, preface. Cf. Asis Nandy, The Illegitimacy of Nationalism: Rabindranath and the Politics of Self, Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 21. I have made extensive use of this book. 47 Nandy, The Illegitimacy of Nationalism, p. 25. 48 Bhattacharya, The Mahatma and the Poet, p. 30. 49 Nandy, The Illegitimacy of Nationalism, p. 3. 50 Nationalism, p. 14. 51 Ibid., p. 10. 52 Ibid., pp. 15–16. 53 Ibid., p. 64. 54 Ibid., p. 59. 55 Crisis in Civilization, Bombay: International Book House, 1941, pp. 4–5. 56 Ibid., pp. 8, 10–11. 57 Ibid. 58 ‘The Call of Truth’, in Bhattacharya, The Mahatma and the Poet, p. 29. Politics, Gandhi and Nationalism 57 |
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