The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore
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The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) (Ashgate World Philosophies Series) by Kalyan Sen Gupta (z-lib.org)
Politics, Gandhi and Nationalism
39 social arrangements. Thus the West survives by protecting the state, while our country lives on socially regulated conventions free from any state intervention. 6 This accounts for Rabindranath’s bitter feeling against the intrusion of the political state under British rule, and his people’s absolute dependence on it. This has destroyed the sense of social responsibility in the individual and weakened the people’s self-reliance. The only way out of this dismal situation is to resolve that ‘each one of us, in every day of our life, shall bear the weight of our country. This is our joy, and this is our dharma [religious duty]. Now the time has come when we should know that we are not alone, but stand united with others’. 7 Crucial in this connection is his sympathy for the poor and the illiterate, his recognition that society should not act for one section or group, but for all, including the vast down-trodden masses of the country. In Gitanjali we find him saying that God is not found in the lonely dark corner of a temple, rather: He is there where the tiller is tilling the hard ground and where the path maker is breaking stones. He is with them in sun and in shower, and his garment is covered with dust. 8 Elsewhere he writes, in the same vein: They, in the fields, Sow seeds, cut the corn. They go on working. The Kingly sceptre breaks, the war drums no longer resound: Columns of victory gape, stupidly oblivious of their own meaning; blood-stained weapons, and blood-shot eyes and faces hide their annals in children’s story books. They go on working … On the ruins of hundreds of empires they go on working. 9 This speaks eloquently of his unshaken faith in the power of the lowliest to shoulder responsibility for the country. Since, in India, society has always taken precedence, Tagore is eager to instill in us the urge to reconstruct our society, where power grows out of the common people, even if this has been dislocated in the state instituted by the British. But how is one to give substance to Tagore’s faith in achieving this reconstruction and regeneration of society? We get the flavour of his response in the following observation: ‘the country must be the creation of all its people … It must be the expression of all their forces of heart, mind and 40 The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore will.’ 10 This implies that the essential conditions for the creation of a society are great ideas, creative plans of action, emotional commitment, and the firm resolve to take up the burden of the country. These conditions require the development of mind, heart and will alike. Only then can we have power to implement our ideas and plans for the making of a brighter human world, a better society for all. Hence, when Rabindranath thinks in terms of the reconstruction of society, his emphasis is not on external, short-cut revolutionary violence; instead, he turns inwards, insisting on the awakening of the inner force of our soul. People thus awakened will develop a feeling of friendship not only towards those around them, but towards the people of the entire world. They will be like the bird ‘whose wings respond untiringly to the call of the sky’. 11 Tagore’s accent on society rather than the state draws him close to the Anarchist tradition of Kropotkin, which lays emphasis on the free organization of society, and a harmony to be achieved not by obedience to the state but through free agreements among people in the society for ensuring production and consumption, and for the satisfaction of the different needs and aspirations of the people. Like the Anarchists, he envisages a society where the freedom of each is the condition for the freedom of all, where everyone emerges out of egoism to play his role in relation with others, where an individual is able to realize himself in ways that are threatened by the state, with its blind passion for strict conformity. The reason for this suspicion of the state, which Rabindranath shares with the Anarchist, is not far to seek. Sarkar (state or government) is typically an effective instrument for preserving the vested interests of the few. Lust for power makes the state arrogant and indifferent to wider interests, and prompts it to retain its supremacy even by unjustified means. This, as Rabindranath thought, is clearly illustrated in the way British imperialism attempted to maintain its sway over the Indian people by adopting the divide and rule policy that separated Hindus and Muslims into hostile factions. State or government, therefore, means egoism, exclusion, compulsion and separation. Fortunately, as already underlined, the national life of India was always indifferent to the state; what was always valued here was a society based on freedom, union, love and cooperation. Tagore pleads for a self-regulated or self-governed society where people seek to harmonize the wish for self-gratification with one for social good. The society he dreams of is the one which is self-sufficient in its material aspects and egalitarian in its spirit, which is not static with old customs and conventions, but responds to new ideas and changes. Tagore also speaks, like Kropotkin, of the idyllic village as the peg on which the entire society depends. The self-sufficient village should form the basic unit from which alone the country as a whole can develop. Rabindranath, along with Gandhi, was, therefore, critical of the British because of their part in the destruction of Politics, Gandhi and Nationalism 41 the self-sufficiency of the village republic. Particularly in Pally Prakriti (on village community), we have a feel of his great anguish for the miserable degeneration of the village community which once used to support the entire social system: Once the village community was alive, and the vital force of the society used to flow from it. It was the seat of all our education and culture, religion and rituals. The great soul of the country used to find its expansion and nourishment in the villages … But now the villages are shorn of their glory’. 12 Hence the overriding need, according to Tagore, is to attend once again to the resurrection of the village; for once our country drew its life from healthy social relations among the rural people. We cannot hope to find this social amity in a town or city: ‘the social man gets its shelter only in the village.’ 13 Of course, one may doubt whether a society of the type that Rabindranath envisaged, along with the Anarchists, is possible without retaining some form of central authority, like the existing state. For men’s activities may unfavourably affect other men with whom they have not entered into any personal relations, and some central authority with at least the semblance of a state seems necessary to repair the disorganization caused by such activities. There is, however, no evidence that Tagore rejected the state in every form. What is evident is that he concentrates more on the need for a well-knit, self-governed society. In this respect he was surely prescient, for suspicion of the state and the call for small self-reliant communities able to resist the intrusions of the state are increasingly characteristic features of modern societies. Tagore would have endorsed the words of another perceptive voice of his time, C.E.M. Joad: There exists today a general antipathy to centralized Government with its corollary of elaborate bureaucratic administration … Men … belong to an increasing number of voluntary associations formed for different purposes, which cut right across the boundaries of the nation State … [T]his much, at least, seems clear: that the freshness and vitality of human associations, and their capacity for stimulating the individual to the fullest development of his personality, have passed away from the State, and have become the attributes of other bodies smaller in size and various in character. 14 Download 467.3 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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