The poetics of Stephen Crane’s late novels” I. Introduction. II. The contribution of S. Crane to the development of American naturalism

Tadqiqotning amaliy natijalari
Tadqiqot natijalarining ishonchliligi ob'ektga yondashuv va
qo‘llanilgan usullarning tadqiqot maqsadiga mosligi, nazariy ma'lumotlarning ilmiy manbalarga asoslanganligi, tanlab olingan badiiy manbalarning tadqiqot predmetiga muvofiqligi, nazariy fikr va xulosalar qiyosiy-tipologik, chog‘ishtirma, biografik va aksiologik tahlil metodlari vositasida chiqarilgani, nazariy qarashlar va xulosalarning amaliyotga
tatbiq etilganligi, natijalarning vakolatli tuzilmalar tomonidan tasdiqlanganligi bilan belgilanadi.
Dissertatsiyaning ilmiy va amaliy ahamiyati shundan iboratki, unda keltirilgan materiallar Amerika adabiyoti tarixining umumiy masalalarini ishlab chiqishda, 19-asr chet el adabiyotini oʻqish kurslarida, maxsus adabiyotlar tayyorlashda foydalanish mumkin. Amerika romani boʻyicha kurslar va maxsus seminarlar, tezislar yozish, oʻquv qoʻllanmalari va S. Kreyn, uning oʻtmishdoshlari va izdoshlari asarlarini yanada chuqurroq oʻrganish.
Tadqiqot natijalarining joriy qilinishi.
Tadqiqot natijalarining aprobatsiyasi. Mazkur tadqiqot natijalari ta xalqaro va ta respublika ilmiy-amaliy anjumanlarida qilingan ma'ruzalarda muhokamadan o‘tgan.
Tadqiqot natijalarining e'lon qilinganligi. Dissertatsiya mavzusi bo‘yicha ta ilmiy ish chop etilgan, shulardan O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy attestatsiya komissiyasining doktorlik dissertatsiyalari asosiy natijalarini chop etish tavsiya etilgan ilmiy nashrlarda ta ilmiy maqola, jumladan, tasi respublika hamda tasi xorijiy jurnallarda nashr
etilgan.
Dissertatsiyaning tuzilishi va hajmi. Dissertatsiya tarkibi kirish, uch bob, xulosa va foydalanilgan adabiyotlar ro‘yxatidan iborat bo‘lib, umumiy hajmi sahifani tashkil etadi.


2.1. American naturalism .
As we discuss about American literary naturalism , it is also important to study the reasons for its origin. Because , as a result of these researches, the reader will have detailed knowledge about it . Among the literary movements , naturalism is distinguished by the fact that some of its features which are fundamentally different to other literary movements. According to the information which is taken from wikipedia “Naturalism - is a literary movement beginning in the late nineteenth century, similar to literary realism in its rejection of Romanticism, but distinct in its embrace of determinism, detachment, scientific objectivism, and social commentary” [ ] . Shved olimi Lars Ahnebrink in his book “The beginning of Naturalism in American fiction “ naturalism haqida quyidagi so’zlarni keltirib o’tgan. “ Naturalism, on the other hand , is the manner and the method of composition by which the author portrays the life as it is in accordance with the philosophic determinism (exemplifies in Zola’s L’Assammoir)” [Ahnebrink p VII # 1]. Literary naturalism emphasizes observation and the scientific method in the fictional portrayal of reality. Naturalism includes detachment, in which the author maintains an impersonal tone and disinterested point of view; determinism, which is defined as the opposite of free will, in which a character's fate has been decided, even predetermined, by impersonal forces of nature beyond human control; and a sense that the universe itself is indifferent to human life. The novel would be an experiment where the author could discover and analyze the forces, or scientific laws, that influenced behavior, and these included emotion, heredity, and environment. It was a literary movement which appeared from 1865 to 1900 that used detailed realism to suggest that social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human character. The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism, which focuses on literary technique, naturalism implies a philosophical position. For naturalistic writers, since human beings are, in Emile Zola's phrase, "human beasts," characters can be studied through their relationships to their surroundings. Whereas realism seeks only to describe subjects as they really are, naturalism also attempts to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces (i.e. the environment or heredity) influencing these subjects' actions. They are both opposed to Romanticism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment. Naturalistic works often include uncouth or sordid subject matter. For example, Émile Zola's works had a sexual frankness along with a pervasive pessimism. Naturalistic works exposed the dark harshness of life, including poverty, racism, prejudice, disease, prostitution, filth, etc. They were often very pessimistic and frequently criticized for being too blunt. There are key themes of naturalism in literature : Survival, determinism, violence, and taboo. The "brute within" each individual, comprised of strong and often warring emotions: passions, such as lust, greed, or the desire for dominance or pleasure; and the fight for survival in an amoral, indifferent universe. The conflict in naturalistic novels is often "man against nature" or "man against himself" as characters struggle to retain a "veneer of civilization" despite external pressures that threaten to release the "brute within."
The forces of heredity and environment as they affect and afflict individual lives, an indifferent, deterministic universe. Naturalistic texts often describe the futile attempts of human beings to exercise free will, often ironically presented, in this universe that reveals free will as an illusion.
The literary naturalism movement had a tremendous effect on twentieth-century literature. Donald Pizer, author of ”Twentieth-Century Literary Naturalism” , conducted an analysis to see exactly what attributes tied the different naturalistic texts together and gave them their naturalistic identity. He used John Dos Passos, John Steinbeck, and James T. Farrell's works in his experiment. Ultimately, Pizer concluded that the naturalistic tradition that glued these authors and their works together was the concept of the struggle between fiercely deterministic forces in the world and the individual's desire to exert freedom in the world. In other words, a reflection on Jean-Jacques Rousseau's quote, "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains," is what Donald Pizer is striving for. He states, "The naturalistic novelist is willing to concede that there are fundamental limitations to man's freedom, but he is unwilling to concede that man is thereby stripped of all value." [ D Pizer 20 th centry ( p 24 ) ] Based on this, Pizer came up with three recurring themes in naturalistic writing:

1. 
   the tragic waste of human potential due to vile circumstances, 2) order (or the lack of), and 3) the individual's struggle to understand the forces affecting one's life.
   

This movement largely connected to the theories of French author Émile Zola and the evolution theory of Charles Darwin. Naturalistic writers were influenced by them and they believed that one's heredity and social environment decide one's character. Most American writers created their works under the impression of Zolya’s books . Therefore critic C.Charles Walcutt in his ” American literary naturalism “ said that “Zola is the fountainheaded of naturalism , in a double and possible a trimple sense. He is a source of naturalistic theory, he is a model for many novelists “ [ Walcutt ( p 30 ) #21 ]
Before discussing about American naturalism it is important to clarify the relationship and difference between American literary naturalism, with which this entry is primarily concerned, from the genre also known as naturalism that flourished in France from the 1850s to the 1880s. French naturalism, as exemplified by Gustave Flaubert, and especially Emile Zola, can be regarded as a programmatic, well-defined and coherent theory of fiction that self-consciously rejected the notion of free will, and dedicated itself to the documentary and "scientific" exposition of human behavior as being determined by, as Zola put it, "nerves and blood." However American naturalism is not the same as French naturalism according to some historical backround of America.
Although the movement of naturalism originated in Europe, it reached its peak in the American continent. This was caused by various external and internal factors.80-90s of the 19th century - the USA was rapidly developing and becoming the largest industrial and agrarian country in the world. On the one hand, monopolists and oligarchs were getting richer day by day, and on the other hand, the mass impoverishment of ordinary workers and peasants was occurring. The strong dominated the society and pushed out the weak. Naturally, a literary period is always connected to the social environment that it reflects. While the realistic and naturalistic movements started about 30 years earlier in Europe than they did in America, the United States still held on to Romanticism. However, after the end of the Civil War, that brought a lot of destruction to the country, most people could not stick to literature that refers to an ideal past. The old literary movement Romanticism became chief and long-lived enemy of literature” . In fact, the impact that the naturalism movement had on American writers of the twentieth century was colossal. It led to the evolution of the modernism movement, during the dreadfully real times of World War I and World War II, and made one realize that life was truly a struggle to embrace the forces of nature that toyed with the individual.
The period that followed the Civil War can be summarized as a period of changes – both good and bad. The proceeding of new inventions and technology made the United States the number one economical force in the world .After the American civil war ( 1860-1865 ) , the life changed dramatically. People who tend to use living countryside and on farms moved to big cities. More and more people moved to the big cities not only from all over the continent but also from abroad. “ The Industrial Revolution brought to American shores waves of new immigrants from every part of the globe . Between 1860 and 1920 , about one in seven Americans was foreign –born.” [Tindall and Shi 824 bet] The America became a nation composed of Americans, the British, Germans, the Irish and many smaller groups that did not always live peacefully together. Shaharlarda immigrantlarni soni oshganligi sababli, kishilar uchun boshpana toppish muammolari ham kelib chiqa boshladi. Ijara narhlarining balandligi va oylik maoshning ozligi tufayli ishchilar haroba uylarda yashashga majbur edilar. Most people from the working class lived in inhuman conditions according to given information . “Workers in the big cities often no choice but live in crowded apartments, most of which were poorly designed . In 1900 Manhattan’s 42,700 tenements housed almost 1,6 million people . Such unregulated urban growth created immense problems of sanitation, health, and morale “[ Tindall and Shi , 825] . Child labor became normality , the work in factories was dangerous since there were no means of protection for the workers who did not always know how to handle the modernl machines. . Employers were not concerned about their workers' health but about increasing the production and their own income. The cities were polluted, the tenements had almost no air for breathing and many people died of diseases . Driven by poverty and discontent workers started to organize in unions and to stand up for better conditions.
Especially the bigger cities were a source of racial and ethnic tensions. Consequently, the United States became an even more multicultural country and especially the cities were the center of different ethnic groups.Accompanied by the creation of an urban culture were new forms of entertainment that made the cities a new vibrant and mysterious place. Saloons offered workers a place to forget about their hard working and living conditions. Sporting clubs, prizefighting and so-called blood sports, such as cockfighting, became popular forms of amusement in the cities.
One major problem of the working class was drinking: there was no social event where alcohol was missing and thus many laborers soon became dangerously addicted. At the same time, the social life of the Americans transformed as well. Especially the social imbalance was clearly noticeable. The country could increase its influence in the world and many entrepreneurs became wealthy. But these new riches were not dispersed equally. Most Americans, especially those who made the progress possible – the working class - did not profit from the achieved luxury. The South was destroyed after the Civil War and could not make use of the wealth that the industry provided.
Naturally, this new way of living reflected in the literature produced at that time. Writers used current topics that dominated the social life, for their literature. Changes in the fields of politics and economy, could not remain without affecting the human morality . Even in literature, old traditions are gradually abandoned, and heavy burdens such as illuminating life as much as possible, making its disgusting scenes known to the public, were only carried out by writers, whose pen was sharp, and was not afraid of anything in the way of truth. Only the writers who are not afraid of any danger on the way to the truth skillfully used the actual topics that dominate social life for their literature. Such writers include Abraham Kahan, Ellen Glasgow, David Graham Phillips, Jack London, and most prominently Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser, who lived in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Most of them wrote books on naturalistic style ,especially Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser .The term naturalism is mainly used in contrast to realism, particularly the style of realism codified in the 1870s and 1880s and associated with William Dean Howells and Henry James.
Many of the American naturalists, especially Norris and London, were heavily influenced by Zola. They sought explanations for human behavior in natural science, and were skeptical, at least, of organized religion and beliefs in human free will. However, the Americans did not form a coherent literary movement, and their occasional critical and theoretical reflections do not present a uniform philosophy. Although Zola was a touchstone of contemporary debates over genre, Dreiser, perhaps the most important of the naturalist writers, regarded Honore de Balzac, one of the founders of Realism, as a greater influence. Naturalism in American literature is therefore best understood historically in the generational manner outlined above. In philosophical and generic terms, American naturalism must be defined rather more loosely, as a reaction against the realist fiction of the 1870s and 1880s, whose scope was limited to middle-class or "local color" topics, with taboos on sexuality and violence.
Naturalist fiction often concentrated on the non-Anglo, ethnically marked inhabitants of the growing American cities, many of them immigrants and most belonging to a class-spectrum ranging from the destitute to the lower middle-class. The naturalists were not the first to concentrate on the industrialized American city, but they were significant in that they believed that the realist tools refined in the 1870s and 1880s were inadequate to represent it.. The fiction of Theodore Dreiser, the son of first and second generation immigrants from Central Europe, features many German and Irish figures. Frank Norris and Stephen Crane, themselves from established middle-class Anglophone families also registered the ethnic mix of the metropolis, though for the most part via reductive and offensive stereotypes. In somewhat different ways, more marginal to the mainstream of naturalism, Ellen Glasgow's version of realism was specifically directed against the mythologizing of the South, while the series of "problem novels" by David Graham Phillips, epitomized by the prostitution novel Susan Lenox: Her Fall and Rise (1917), can be regarded as naturalistic by virtue of their underclass subject-matter.Allied to this, naturalist writers were skeptical towards, or downright hostile to, the notions of bourgeois individualism that characterized realist novels about middle-class life. Most naturalists demonstrated a concern with the animal or the irrational motivations for human behavior, sometimes manifested in connection with sexuality and violence. Here they differed strikingly from their French counterparts. The naturalist often describes his characters as though they are conditioned and controlled by environment, heredity, instinct, or chance. But he also suggests a compensating humanistic value in his characters or their fates which affirms the significance of the individual and of his life. The tension here is that between the naturalist's desire to represent in fiction the new, discomfiting truths which he has found in the ideas and life of his late nineteenth-century world, and also his desire to find some meaning in experience which reasserts the validity of the human enterprise.American naturalism has various key features that distinguish it from French literary naturalism and American realism, its closest cousins. American naturalist authors strove to adopt neutral, objective tones in their works. Their characters also were portrayed as victims of their environments and circumstances. Instead of featuring man’s free will, naturalists emphasized the deterministic nature of human life. In other words, man's fate is dictated by factors other than his own free will. People may try to do better, but they are small and ineffectual compared with the natural environment. The universe, indifferent to the state of humankind, will go on regardless of what humans do. Characters in naturalist literature are deeply impacted by hereditary and environmental factors.
Many American naturalist novels focused on poor characters living in industrialized or industrializing cities. Similar to American realists, naturalist authors did not attempt to make poverty appear glamorous or redeemable to readers. On the contrary, maintaining objectivity, American naturalists did not shy away from depicting the daily horrors of life in extreme poverty.