The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease
Future Perspectives in the Use of Salivary Biomarkers
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diagnostics-11-00371
5. Future Perspectives in the Use of Salivary Biomarkers
Despite significant progress in the identification and analysis of markers used in the diagnosis of AD and PD, the results of research on salivary markers are still very limited and require confirmation in larger study groups. This mainly concerns biomarkers with a well-known diagnostic value and widespread and determined in other body fluids. The second direction of research is the search for biomarkers that can differentiate between the various stages of the disease and can be useful in its monitoring and assessment of its progression. Research on biomarkers allowing for early diagnosis of the preclinical and MCI phase of AD, as well as predicting disease progression from the preclinical phase and MCI to the development of dementia are of particular importance. In addition to markers with a recognized diagnostic value in AD, research into the use of salivary-specific proteins such as lactoferrin and new markers such as iron- and Aβ-binding glycoproteins should be conducted. The existence of 366 proteins and peptides with a potential diagnostic role in AD is postulated [ 48 ]. In addition, sialometric tests can help in the early detection of dementia, as decreased salivation may be one of the first symptoms of dementia. Reduced salivation can induce changes in the composition of salivary proteins while emphasizing changes in concentrations specific for dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. Sialo- metric tests are of particular importance in PD. Future studies are also looking at the microbiome in the oral cavity and salivary exosomes [ 48 , 81 ]. A new study by Rani et al. explored a novel method that directly correlates salivary exosomes concentration with the progression of cognitive impairment in AD. The authors used nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) in order to quantify and analyze salivary exosomes. The results showed that the concentration of salivary exosomes was significantly higher in patients with cogni- tive impairment and AD compared to healthy participants. Fluorescent antibody based quantification of surface marker exosome CD63 was used to validate the results obtained from the NTA method. In this method, salivary exosomes are used as a progression marker that could allow researchers to not only detect the specific concentrations but to correlate them with the progressive loss in cognitive functioning [ 82 ]. There is growing evidence of a close relationship between the oral microbiome and the progression of AD and it has been observed that as cognitive function declines, oral health also deteriorates [ 83 , 84 ]. A study showed that AD patients had increased circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) and antibodies for oral bacteria such as P. gingivalis in serum compared to healthy participants, which shows that there is a direct relationship between the oral microbiome and AD [ 85 ]. In a study conducted by Poole et al., P. gingivalis-derived lipopolysaccha- rides were found to be present in brain samples taken from patients with AD [ 86 ]. It can be observed that a link between oral pathogens found in the oral microbiota and AD exists and further studies would have to be carried out in order to standardize and evaluate the specific relationship between the oral microbiome and AD. Another new area of research on salivary biomarkers in AD and PD are proteins reflecting pathological processes in neurodegenerative diseases such as IP-10, VILIP-1, YKL-40, TREM-10, NFL, neurogranin and synaptotagmin. They require verification of their specificity for AD and PD and confirmation of potential determination of their levels beyond CSF and blood, as well as confirmation of their usefulness in saliva. Research on the diagnostic use of salivary metabolites and autophagic- and lysosomal-related biomarkers such as cathepsin Diagnostics 2021, 11, 371 19 of 22 D, glucocerebrosidase and heat-shock cognate protein (HSC70) is also indicated. They are exclusively associated with PD or AD [ 87 ]. Download 356.28 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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