The State and Its People Richard Ekins
participants not passive spectators
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participants not passive spectators. 46 Barber’s analysis of legislatures and political parties captures much of this, 47 but should go further to see how the people acts jointly by way of its institutions and the conditions under which this is healthy and stable. IV Barber does consider the social foundations of democratic self-government fur- ther in his penultimate chapter on subsidiarity. However, to my mind the prin- ciple of subsidiarity he outlines compounds the problem of forming or maintaining a people capable of joint action. Barber understands subsidiarity to be a principle about how to allocate power within states, as well as how to design states and to justify empowering institutions above the state. He frames the prin- ciple as an answer to the boundary problem, which cannot itself be resolved on democratic grounds, because the question is “who should be included within the democratic unit.” 48 Rejecting liberal nationalism as an organizing principle, Barber argues that subsidiarity is “a development of one of the oldest and most basic maxims of democratic government: that what touches all should be approved by all.” 49 Moving swiftly from the summoning of the model Parliament of 1295 to the complexity of the modern world, Barber argues that subsidiarity is an “all- affected interests” principle, 50 which may generate thousands of possible demo- cratic units. The number is rapidly winnowed down by the side-constraint that each unit must enable a vibrant democracy, which involves close connection be- tween legislature and citizenry. 51 This side-constraint rests in turn largely on so- cial solidarity. Barber notes that where a group enjoys solidarity and shares a significant range of decisions, the democratic unit’s boundaries may track the group. 52 When there is no shared social solidarity, democracy is difficult, but even in its absence, he argues, “the basic structures of democratic government 46 Richard Ekins, “Intentions and Reflections: The Nature of Legislative Intent Revisited,” American Journal of Jurisprudence 64 (2019): 155-157. 47 See in particular his excellent “argument from integration”: Barber, Principles of Constitutionalism, 164-165. 48 Ibid., 187. 49 Ibid., 191. 50 Cf. Alexander Somek and Michael A. Wilkinson, “Unpopular Sovereignty?,” Modern Law Review 83 (2020): 967-969. 51 Barber, Principles of Constitutionalism, 195. 52 Ibid., 196. 59 The State and Its People Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajj/article/66/1/49/6323585 by guest on 21 May 2023 still need to be created”, partly because the creation of a democratic unit may summon that solidarity. 53 I say that Barber should recognize social solidarity as a principle of constitu- tionalism. His theory otherwise risks overlooking, and in the end undermining, the willingness of members of a group to act jointly and the conditions that make it reasonable for them to do so. Perhaps because his account of subsidiarity is intended to range from the internal ordering of a state to the creation of new states or even new authorities above the state, Barber proceeds as if it were for an authority freely to decide where boundaries should be drawn: an active people is missing in action here. In discussing the boundary problem, and in deploying his principle of subsidiarity, Barber downplays the willingness, or not, of a peo- ple to act jointly, to form and support a government and to be a state. On his approach, it would seem institutions should consider whose interests are affected by their decisions and should expand or contract the democratic unit according- ly, which might include extending the franchise (or citizenship) to some non- citizens or conferring some responsibilities for governing on institutions beyond the state. But changes in who forms and controls the state and in what the state (directly) controls should be made first and foremost for the common good of the people and by institutions acting for the people. If rulers were to adopt Barber’s approach, the people would be exposed to alienation from their govern- ment and domination by others. When a group shares a history of acting together, when it is committed to act- ing together in the future, then it would seem well-placed to be a people. Barber would seem to agree, insofar as his discussion of solidarity recognizes the import- ance of shared history, mutual trust, and fellow feeling. 54 But all this is at the mercy of an “all-affected interests” test, rather than making central, as it should, the mutual recognition of common good and the joint intention to secure it. Barber’s plausible reflections on solidarity undercut his later skepticism about the importance of nationality. 55 The idea that nationals share much with one an- other that non-nationals do not is not mysterious; members of a state (also) share much that non-members do not. Barber sees in national sentiment the hu- miliation (or worse) of non-nationals, who will be second-class citizens. While clearly priority for nation can ground many evils, this risk should not obscure the importance of national sentiment, which is both a ground for the joint in- tention of a people and its fruit. When a people rules itself by way of its institu- tions, recognizing other state members as compatriots (nationals), then to that extent it forms a nation, sharing a political history and a future. The importance of nationality is made clear in an example Barber deploys to establish its irrelevance. The example is “the British Labour Party” opposing de- volution because it feared that the rich, in England, would shirk their responsi- bility to the poor, in Wales. National principle, Barber contends, might entail that English nationals owe more to one another than they do to the Welsh, 53 Ibid., 197. 54 Ibid., 195-197. 55 Ibid., 214-217. 60 Richard Ekins Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ajj/article/66/1/49/6323585 by guest on 21 May 2023 whereas, he says, subsidiarity “does not commit itself to the view that the boun- daries of democratic units reflect, or should reflect, our pre-existing obligations to each other.” 56 The problem with the example, to my mind, is that English and Welsh are compatriots because they are all British, which the British Labour Download 202.96 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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