The superb way of learning new words is to repeat them and finding associations to these words, and also by making up sentences


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958 words


305

Include

to contain something as a part of something else, or to make something part of something else

306

Legislate

If a government legislates, it makes a new law

Eg:They promised to legislate against cigarette advertising.

307

Estimate

to guess the cost, size, value, etc. of something

308

Debate

to discuss a subject in a formal way

309

Inform

to tell someone about particular facts

310

Philosophy

the use of reason in understanding such things as the nature of reality and existence, the use and limits of knowledge and the principles that govern and influence moral judgment

311

Originate from

to come from a particular place, time, situation, etc

312

Evolve from

to develop gradually, or to cause something or someone to develop gradually

313

Simplify

to make something less complicated and therefore easier to do or understand

314

Stagnate

to stay the same and not grow or develop

eg:The electronics industry is showing signs of stagnating after 15 years of tremendous growth.

315

Pursue

1)to follow someone or something, usually to try to catch or kill them 2)If you pursue a plan, activity or situation, you try to do it or achieve it, usually over a long period of time

316

Vanish

to disappear or stop being present or existing, especially in a sudden, surprising way

317

Adjust to

to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable

318

Correct

right and not wrong; in agreement with the true facts or with what is generally accepted

319

Defined as

to say what the meaning of something, especially a word, is

eg:In this dictionary 'reality' is defined as 'the state of things as they are, rather than as they are imagined to be'.

320

Focus on

to give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject or thing

321

Unique

being the only existing one of its type or, more generally, unusual or special in some way

322

Amount to

to become a particular amount

eg: The annual cost of income support to unmarried mothers amounted to £700 million in that year.

323

Confine

to limit an activity, person or problem in some way

324

Transition

a change from one form or type to another, or the process by which this happens

325

Unacceptable

too bad to be accepted, approved of or allowed to continue

326

Rarely

not often

327

Place emphasis on

to give something emphasis, importance, etc

eg:He placed importance on a comfortable lifestyle (= It was important to him) .

328

Short-term

lasting a short time

329

Long- term

continuing a long time into the future

330

Precisely

exactly

331

Advocate

to publicly support or suggest an idea, development or way of doing something

332

Suspect

  1. to not trust; to doubt

  2. to think or believe something to be true or probable

3)to think that someone has committed a crime or done something wrong

333

Destined to

controlled by a force which some people believe controls what happens, and which cannot be influenced by people

eg:These plans are destined to fail.

334

Dismiss as

to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering

eg: I think he'd dismissed me as an idiot within five minutes of meeting me.

335

In retrospect

thinking now about something in the past

eg: In retrospect, I think my marriage was doomed from the beginning.

336

Instruct on

1)to order or tell someone to do something, especially in a formal way 2) to teach someone how to do something

337

Boost

to improve or increase something

338

Soar

to rise very quickly to a high level

eg: All night long fireworks soared into the sky

339

Phenomenon

something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something which is unusual or interesting

340

Culprit

1)someone who has done something wrong

eg:Police hope the public will help them to find the culprits.

2)a fact or situation that is the reason for something bad happening

Eg:Children in this country are getting much too fat, and sugar and sweets are the main culprits.

341

Pivotal

central and important

342

Overall

in general rather than in particular, or including all the people or things in a particular group or situation

343

Address

to give attention to or deal with a matter or problem

eg: The issue of funding has yet to be addressed.

344

Strategy

a detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as war, politics, business, industry or sport, or the skill of planning for such situations

345

Obsolete

not in use any more, having been replaced by something newer and better or more fashionable

346

On the verge of

If you are on the verge of something or come to the verge of something, you are very near to experiencing it

Eg:Her husband's violent and abusive behaviour drove her to the verge of despair.

347

Shortage

when there is not enough of something

348

Transform

to change completely the appearance or character of something or someone, especially so that they are improved

349

Secure

to make certain something is protected from danger or risk

350

Reinforce

to make something stronger

351

Range from …to

to have an upper and a lower limit in amount, number, etc

Prices range between $50 and $250.

352

Devise

to invent a plan, system, object, etc., usually cleverly or using imagination

353

Assemble

to come together in a single place or bring parts together in a single group

354

On average

the result you get by adding two or more amounts together and dividing the total by the number of amounts

eg:My income's rather variable, but I earn £73 a day on average

355

Inconsequential

not important




Divide

to (cause to) separate into parts or groups

eg:At the end of the lecture, I'd like all the students to divide into small discussion groups.

356

Locally

in the particular small area which you are talking about

357

Preferably

if possible

eg:Water the plants twice a week, preferably in the morning.

358

Arise

  1. to get out of bed

  2. to happen Eg: If the opportunity arises, I'd love to go to China.

359

Voluntarily

done, made or given willingly , without being forced or paid to do it

360

Tend to

to be likely to behave in a particular way or have a particular characteristic

Eg: We tend to get cold winters and warm, dry summers in this part of the country.

361

Scarce

not easy to find or get

362

Adhere to smth

to continue to obey a rule or have a belief

eg: She adhered to her principles/ideals throughout her life.

363

Satisfactory

good or good enough for a particular need or purpose

364

Disruptive

causing trouble and therefore stopping something from continuing as usual

365

Obligation

when you are obliged to do something

eg:You have a legal obligation to (= The law says you must) ensure your child receives a proper education.

366

Omit

to fail to include or do something

367

Remote

far away in distance, time or relation

368

Obsessed with

unable to stop thinking about something; too interested in or worried about something

eg: Why are people so obsessed with money?

369

Discriminate against

to treat a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin colour, religion, sex, etc.

eg: She felt she had been discriminated against because of her age.


370

Negotiate with

to have formal discussions with someone in order to reach an agreement with them

eg:The government has refused to negotiate with the strikers.

371

Status

an accepted or official position, especially in a social group

372

Feature

a typical quality or an important part of something

373

Eject

to force someone to leave a particular place

374

Era

a period of time of which particular events or stages of development are typical

375

Eligible

having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions

376

Assert

to say that something is certainly true

377

Opponent

a person who disagrees with something and speaks against it or tries to change it

378

Be apt to do smth

to be likely to do something or to often do something

379

Invade

to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it

380

Imbalance

when two things which should be equal or are normally equal are not

381

Thrive

to grow, develop or be successful

eg:His business thrived in the years before the war.

382

By contrast

Their economy has expanded enormously, while ours, by/in contrast, has declined.

383

Refrain from

to avoid doing or stop yourself from doing something

eg:We refrained from talk ing until we knew that it was safe.

384

Discount

a reduction in the usual price

385

Aspiration

something that you hope to achieve

386

Intervene

to intentionally become involved in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse

387

Hamper

to prevent someone doing something easily

eg: Fierce storms have been hampering rescue efforts and there is now little chance of finding more survivors.

388

Inadvertently

not intentionally

389

Condone

to accept or allow behaviour that is wrong

390

Despondent about

unhappy and with no hope or enthusiasm because you feel you are in a difficult situation

391

Deplore

to say or think that something is very bad

392

Hypocritical

saying that you have particular moral beliefs but behaving in a way that shows these are not sincere

393

Materialism

the belief that having money and possessions is the most important thing in life

394

Proliferate

to increase a lot and suddenly in number

395

Prudent

avoiding risks and uncertainties; careful

396

Elated

extremely happy and excited, often because something has happened or been achieved

397

Exhaust

to make someone extremely tired

398

Superficial

1)(of a person) never thinking about things that are serious or important

not complete and involving only the most obvious things

399

Resemble

to look like or be like someone or something

400

Squander

to spend or use money or supplies in a wasteful way, or to waste opportunities by not using them to your advantage

401

Formerly

in the past

402

Indifferent

not thinking about or interested in someone or something

403

Surpass

to do or be better than

404

Facilitate

to make possible or easier

405

Lethargic

having little energy; feeling unwilling and unable to do anything

406

Lenient

not as severe or strong in punishment or judgment as would be expected

407

Occupy

to fill, exist in, or use a place or period of time

408

Perpetuate

to cause something to continue

409

Threshold

the floor of an entrance to a building or room

410

Prevalent

existing very commonly or happening often

411

Combination

the mixture you get when two or more things are combined

412

Myth

an ancient story or set of stories, especially explaining in a literary way the early history of a group of people or about natural events and facts

413

Resume

If an activity resumes, or if you resume it, it starts again after a pause

414

Dictate

to give orders, or state something exactly, with total authority

415

Resign

to give up a job or position by telling your employer that you are leaving

416

Rectify

to correct something or make something right

417

On the horizon

likely to happen or exist soon eg:There is no new drug on the horizon that will make this disease easier to treat.

418

Preserve

to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed; to conserve

419

Reluctant

not willing to do something and therefore slow to do it

420

Sever

to break or separate, especially by cutting


421

Thorough

detailed and careful

They did a thorough search of the area but found nothing.

422

Exhibit

to show something publicly

423

Deteriorate

to become worse

424

Distort

to change something from its usual, original, natural or intended meaning, condition or shape

425

Gradually

slowly over a period of time or a distance

426

Existing

describes something that exists now

427

Upgrade

to improve the quality or usefulness of something, such as a machine or a computer program, or give a person a more important job or state that their job is more important than it was in the past

428

Select

to choose a small number of things, or to choose by making careful decisions

429

Irrational

not using reason or clear thinking

430

Halt

to (cause to) stop moving or doing something or happening

431

Contemplate

to spend time considering a possible future action, or to consider one particular thing for a long time in a serious and quiet way

432

Brief

lasting only a short time or containing few words

433

Advance

to go or move something forward, or to develop or improve something

434

Namely

used when you want to give more detail or be more exact about something you have just said

435

Seek

to try to find or get something, especially something which is not a physical object

436

Resort to

to do something that you do not want to do because you cannot find any other way of achieving something

eg:I had to resort to violence/threats to get my money.

437

Compensate for

to pay someone money in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem

eg:Victims of the crash will be compensated for their injuries.

438

Remedy

to do something to correct or improve something that is wrong

439

Astonishing

very surprising

440

For the sake of

in order to help or bring advantage to someone

eg:Their parents only stayed together for the sake of the children.

441

Upheaval

great change, especially causing or involving much difficulty, activity or troubl

442

Liberate

to help someone or something to be free

443

Harness

1)a piece of equipment, with straps and belts, used to control or hold in place a person, animal or object

2)to control something, usually in order to use its power

444

Tangible

real or not imaginary; able to be shown, touched or experienced

445

Subsequent

happening after something else

eg: The book discusses his illness and subsequent resignation from the government.

446

Incredible

1)impossible, or very difficult, to believe

2)extremely good

447

Unthinkable

too shocking or unlikely to be imagined as possible

448

Halve

to reduce something by half or divide something into two equal pieces eg:In the past eight years, the elephant population in Africa has been halved.

449

Double

to become twice as much or as many, or to make something twice as much or many

eg:The government aims to double the number of students in higher education within 25 years.

450

Treble

to increase three times in size or amount, or to make something do this

Eg:The price of property has almost trebled in the last ten years.

451

Quadruple

to become four times as big, or to multiply a number or amount by four

452

Fortify

to strengthen something, especially in order to protect it

453

Precious

of great value because of being rare, expensive or important

454

Beyond

further away in the distance (than something)

455

Trivial

having little value or importance

456

Discernible

able to be seen or understood

457

Afterwards

after the time mentioned; later

458

Beforehand

earlier (than a particular time) eg:I knew she was coming that afternoon because she had phoned beforehand to say so.

459

Resent

to feel angry because you have been forced to accept someone or something that you do not like

460

Urgent

needing attention very soon, especially before anything else, because important

461

Foresee

to know about something before it happens

462

Overwhelm

  1. to defeat someone or something by using a lot of force

  2. to cause someone to feel sudden strong emotion

eg:They were overwhelmed with/by grief when their baby died.


463

State-of-the-art

very modern and using the most recent ideas and methods

464

Chaos

a state of total confusion with no order

465

Dilemma

a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two different things you could do

466

Absolutely

completely

467

Extraordinary

very unusual, special, unexpected or strange

468

Delight

(something or someone that gives) great pleasure, satisfaction or happiness

469

Exclusive

  1. limited to only one person or group of people

  2. not including something

eg:Is the total exclusive of service charges?

470

Thus

1)in this way

2)as a result

471

Mention

to speak about something quickly, giving little detail or using few words

471

Unexpectedly

not expectedly

472

Furthermore

in addition; more importantly

473

Remarkable

unusual or special and therefore surprising and worth mentioning

474

Evaporate

to cause a liquid to change to a gas, especially by heating

475

Irreparable

impossible to repair or make right again

476

Somewhat

slightly

477

Vie for

to compete with other people to achieve or get something

eg:Six candidates are currently vying for the Democratic presidential nomination.

478

Incapable of

unable to do something

479

Altogether

completely or in total

480

Alarm

1)a warning of danger, typically a loud noise or flashing light

2)to make someone worried or frightened

481

Modify

to change something such as a plan, opinion, law or way of behaviour slightly, usually to improve it or make it more acceptable

482

Visible

able to be seen

483

On condition that

If

484

Oblivious to

not conscious of something, especially what is happening around you Eg: The government seems oblivious to the likely effects of the new legislation.

485

Resist

  1. to fight against something or someone that is attacking you

  2. to refuse to accept or be changed by something

3)to stop yourself from doing something that you want to do


486

Succeed in

If you succeed, you achieve something that you have been aiming for, and if a plan or piece of work succeeds, it has the results that you wanted

487

Receive

to get or be given something

488

Surrender

to stop fighting and admit defeat

489

Sympathize

to understand and care about someone's problems

490

Abundant

more than enough

491

Epidemic

the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time

492

Inquisitive

wanting to discover as much as you can about things, sometimes in a way that annoys people

493

Accordingly

in a way that is suitable or right for the situation

eg: When we receive your instructions we shall act accordingly.

494

Authorize

to give official permission for something to happen, or to give someone official permission to do something

495

Routine

a usual or fixed way of doing things

496

Envisage

to imagine or expect something in the future, especially something good

eg: It's envisaged that the building will start at the end of this year

497

Mindful of

careful not to forget about something Eg:Mindful of the poor road conditions, she reduced her speed to 30 mph.

498

Dire

very serious or extreme

eg:These people are in dire need of help.

499

Intend to

to have as a plan or purpose

eg:We intend to go to Australia next year.

500

Genuine

If something is genuine, it is real and exactly what it appears to be

If people or emotions are genuine, they are honest and sincere

501

Interfere with

to prevent something from working effectively or from developing successfully

502

Substitute for

to perform the same job as another thing or to take its place

Eg: Gas-fired power stations will substitute for less efficient coal-fired equipment.


503

Issue

a subject or problem which people are thinking and talking about

504

Compulsory

If something is compulsory, you must do it because of a rule or law

505

Surround

to be everywhere around something

506

Be subjected to do smth

to have or experience a particular thing, especially something unpleasant Eg:Cars are subject to a high domestic tax.

507

Monitor

to watch and check a situation carefully for a period of time in order to discover something about it

508

Drastic

(especially of actions) severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects

509

Object to

to feel or express opposition to or dislike of something or someone

No-one objected when the boss said it was time to go home.

510

Challenge

1)(the situation of being faced with) something needing great mental or physical effort in order to be done successfully and which therefore tests a person's ability

2)to invite someone to compete or take part, especially in a game or argument

3)to test someone's ability or determination

511

Climate

the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place

512

Microscopic

very small and only able to be seen with a microscope

513

Ideal

without fault; perfect, or the best possible

514

Hostile

unfriendly and not liking or agreeing with something

515

Susceptible

easily influenced or harmed by something

516

Examine

to test someone's knowledge or skill in a particular subject

517

Query

to ask questions, especially in order to check if something is true

518

Modest

1)not large in size or amount, or not expensive

2)not usually talking about or making obvious your own abilities and achievements

519

Recipient

a person who receives something

520

Take heed of

attention Eg: The company took no heed of (= did not consider) public opposition to the plans.

521

Employ

1)to have someone work or do a job for you and pay them for it

2)to use something Eg: Sophisticated statistical analysis was employed to obtain these results.

522

supposed to

to have to; to have a duty or a responsibility to

Eg:The children are supposed to be at school by 8.45 a.m.

523

Pointless

Something that is pointless has no purpose and it is a waste of time doing it eg:It seemed pointless to continue.

524

Condemn

to criticize something or someone strongly, usually for moral reasons

525

Divert

to cause something or someone to change direction

Eg:Our flight had to be diverted to Stansted because of the storm.

526

Decade

a period of ten years, especially a period such as 1860 to 1869, or 1990 to 1999

527

Discard

to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it

528

Statistically

relating to statistics

529

Infinite

without limits; extremely large or great

530

Incompatible with

not able to exist or work with another person or thing because of basic differences

531

Respectively

relating or belonging to each of the separate people or things you have just mentioned

532

Understandable

easy to understand

533

Immature

not yet completely grown or developed

534

Increasingly

more and more

535

In agony

extreme physical or mental pain or suffering

Eg:She lay there screaming in agony.

536

Rapport

a good understanding of someone and an ability to communicate well with them

537

And vice versa

used to state that what you have just said is also true in the opposite order Eg:He doesn't trust her, and vice versa (= she also doesn't trust him) .

538

Marked

describes a change or difference in behaviour or a situation that is very obvious or noticeable

Eg:There was a marked improvement in my health when I gave up smoking.

539

Apparently

used to say you have read or been told something although you are not certain it is true Eg: Apparently it's going to rain today.

540

Contented

happy and satisfied

541

Purchase

To buy

542

Reside

to live, have your home or stay in a place

543

Detrimental

causing harm or damage

544

Satisfied

pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has happened in the way that you wanted

545

Divorce

when a marriage is ended by an official or legal process

546

Convinced

certain

547

Suppress

1)to end something by force

2)to prevent something from being seen or expressed or from operating

548

Fluctuate

to change, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another

549

Erratic

not regular, uncertain or without organization in movement or behaviour

550

Discrepancy

difference between two things that should be the same

551

Minute

1)to make a written record of what is said at a meeting

2)extremely small

552

Loathe

to hate someone or something

553

Locate

to find or discover the exact position of something

554

Disintegrate

to become weaker or be destroyed by breaking into small pieces

Eg:The Ottoman Empire disintegrated into lots of small states.

555

Accompany

to go with someone or to be provided or exist at the same time as something Eg: The course books are accompanied by four cassettes.

556

In effect

in fact, or in practice

Eg: So in effect the government have lowered taxes for the rich and raised them for the poor.

557

Prolong

to make something last a longer time

558

Indispensable

Something or someone that is indispensable is so good or important that you could not manage without them

559

Shelter

(a building designed to give) protection from bad weather, danger or attack

560

Intact

complete and in the original state . not damaged

561

Channel

1)a television station

2)a passage for water or other liquids to flow along, or a part of a river or other area of water which is deep and wide enough to provide a route for ships to travel along

562

Fear

to be frightened of something or someone unpleasan

563

Cease

to stop something

564

Govern

to control and direct the public business of a country, city, group of people

565

Elite

the richest, most powerful, best educated or best trained group in a society

566

Uniform

a particular set of clothes which has to be worn by the members of the same organization or group of people

567

Emphasize

to show or state that something is very important or worth giving attention to

568

Cope with

to deal successfully with a difficult situation

eg:It must be difficult to cope with three small children and a job.

569

Grant

1)a sum of money given especially by the government to a person or organization for a special purpose

2)to give or allow someone something, usually in an official way

Eg: They granted her an entry visa.

570

Enjoy

to get pleasure from something

571

Immediately

1)now or without waiting or thinking

2)as soon as eg:I'll call you immediately I hear anything.

572

Unwise

stupid and likely to cause problems

573

Prominent

very well known and important

574

Suffer

Suffocate, to experience physical or mental pain

575

Graphic

1)very clear and powerful

2)relating to, using or consisting of a graph or graphs

576

Gather

1)Accumulate, to collect several things, often from different places or people

2to understand or believe something as a result of something that has been said or done Eg: From the look on their faces, she gathered (that) they were annoyed with her.

577

Promote

1)to encourage the popularity, sale, development or existence of something

2)to raise someone to a higher or more important position or rank

578

Volatile

likely to change suddenly and unexpectedly or suddenly become violent or angry eg: Food and fuel prices are very volatile in a war situation.

579

Fraction

a number that results from dividing one whole number by another, or a small part of something

¼ and 0.25 are different ways of representing the same fraction.

580

Neutral

not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war

581


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