The type of scales in phonetics

CHAPTER 2 THE TRANSLATIONS OF BYRON AND BURNS POETRY INTO RUSSION AND UZBEK. . 2.1 Representatives of Uzbek writers of Byron translations.

• Byron's works in the twentieth century were translated by such large Uzbek poets as Aybek (Musa Tashmukhamedov) (1905–1968), Maksud Sheikhzade (1908–1967), Hamid Alimjan (1909–1944), Shukrullo (b.1921), Jumaniyaz Jabbarov (1930 -2010), Muhammad Ali (b.1942), Rauf Parfi (1943–2005), Khayriddin Salah (b.1934), Abdullah Sher (b.1943), Abdulhamid Parda (b.1958). Aybek, for example, masterfully, according to experts, retells, conveying the transformation of the Byron mystery of mortal sin into an exciting mystery of irreconcilable atonement (“Cain”). In Byron's works, Maksud Sheikhzade was primarily interested in the revolutionary spirit of romance (in 1958 this Uzbek poet translated several songs from Childe Harold, with their gloomy protest against the vulgarity of the surrounding reality
• I must say that the theme “Byron and Uzbek literature” is still almost undeveloped by modern literary criticism. Scientific works characterize only the quantitative side of the issue, leaving virtually no attention to the qualitative side.

2.2 Representatives of Russian Writers’ translations.

• There are several reasons why this book should be considered seminal in establishing a new tradition of translating Burns in the Russian-speaking milieu. Firstly, the readers were offered the more scholarly approach of publishing translations alongside originals, which allowed those who understood English well to make a comparative analysis and thus notice the drastic changes made by Marshak.23 Secondly, apart from Marshak’s translations, the book also included those of V. Rogov, M. Mihailov, V. Fedotov, N. Novich, T. Shchepkina-Kupernik, I. Kozlov (the first translator of Burns into Russian), O. Chimuina-Mihailova, D. Minaev, D. Bayanov, T. Sokorskaya, I. Ivanovsky, V. Kostomarov, and P. Veinberg. Several poems, i.e. “John Barleycorn,” “I hae a wife o’ my ain,” “The Twa Dogs,” “My Heart’s in the Highlands,” were published in different translations. Thirdly, the afterword, about the history of Burns translations in Russia, was written by Yuri Levin, a famous specialist in English literature who broke the well-established interpretation that portrayed Burns as a revolutionist and a democrat – a reputation fostered in the Soviet discourse by A. Anikst, M. Gutner, M. Morozov and other Soviet critics who discovered revolutionary sub-tones in Burns’ poems (even though the poems were free of any such context) and who added fabricated claims to Burns’ biography.