The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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of Pi concerns itself with problems of anthropomorphism more overtly than
Bear ” (118). Here, rather than the attribution of human characteristics onto animals, anthropomorphism is used to describe any human attempts to know or understand the nonhuman. Early in the text, for instance, assertions are made against the danger of “Animalus anthropomorphicus, the animal as seen through human eyes […] we look at an animal and see a mirror” (Martel 39). This statement is certainly true of the ‘failure of knowing’ narratives, at least. In each text, one or both participants in a human-animal relationship experience some form of violence as a consequence of the human’s inability to understand or interpret the animal. As such, there is often also a sense of loss or disappointment associated with the animal’s defiance of human expectations, hopes, and fantasies. There is no doubt, however, that in these extreme (sometimes obsessive) relationships, the nonhuman presence is both fascinating and confusing for the human protagonist. Alternatively, the ‘acceptance of not-knowing’ attaches no such negativity to the nonhuman’s ability to resist categorization. In “The Coyote Came Back,” for instance, John Sandlos describes Coyote’s subversive strength as a trickster figure: The ancient myth-character of Coyote is an enigmatic paradox whose ‘nature’ is both multi-faceted and constantly shifting. […] His contradictory nature and locally-coloured personality resists universalizing academic interpretations, but is, in each of his manifestations, merely one aspect of an elusive protagonist. (101) Thus, there is n o ‘failure’ of knowing the animal here; the acceptance of not- knowing is to be expected from both characters and readers. For instance, one of the ways King uses the trickster figure in Green Grass, Running Water is to subvert and lampoon the Christian hierarchy of God, man, and beast. When a dream of Coyote’s becomes personified, he calls it Dog, but the dream Allmark-Kent 58 disagrees: “I am god says that Dog Dream. ‘Isn’t that cute,’ says Coyote. ‘That Dog Dream is a contrary. That Dog Dream has everything backward.’ But why am I a little god? Shouts that god” (King 2). It is in the inexplicable or unexpected that we find the strength of the trickster’s agency. Coyote cannot be made to satisfy expectations of ‘animals’ because he cannot be contained in that category. As Sandlos remarks, he “is not merely an aspect of reality; reality is instead an aspect of Coyote” (112). Likewise, in Kiss of the Fur Queen, Highway depicts the Cree trickster figure Weesageechak. The novel follows the lives of two brothers, Champion and Ooneemeetoo Okimasis, as they survive and attempt to heal from the abuses they suffer within the residential school system. Weesageechak makes many subtle and varied appearances in the novel, the first of which is as the “Fur Queen,” a beauty queen dressed in “a floor-length cape fashioned from the fur of arctic fox, white as day. She had her head crowned with a fox- fur tiara” (9). Operating as a somewhat ambiguous guardian spirit for the boys, she makes herself known in different guises. At one point, looking like a voluptuous singer, an “arctic fox,” she introduces herself to Champion (renamed Jeremiah in residential school) as “Maggie Sees. It used to be Fred but […] I changed” (231). After which she proceeds to list her many names: “Miss Maggie Sees. Miss Maggie-Weesageechak-Nanabush-Coyote-Raven-Glooscap-oh-you- should-hear-the-things-they-call-me-honeypot-Sees, weaver of dreams, sparker of magic, showgirl from hell” (233-4). As Highway explains in his author’s note, she is: “‘Weesageechak,’ in Cree, ‘Nanabush’ in Ojibway, ‘Raven’ in others, ‘Coyote’ in still others” (np). Indeed, in Ravensong, Coyote/Weesageechak/Nanabush oversees and orchestrates events as Raven: Allmark-Kent 59 Change is serious business —gut-wrenching, really. With humans it is important to approach it with great intensity. Great storms alter earth, mature life, rid the world of the old, ushering in the new. Humans call it catastrophe. Just birth, Raven crowed. Human catastrophe is accompanied by tears and grief, exactly like the earth’s, only the earth is less likely to be embittered by grief. Still, Raven was convinced that this catastrophe was planned to execute would finally wake the people up, drive them to white town to fix the mess over there. Cedar disagreed but had offered no alternative. (14) Raven’s plan is to heal the gulf between the Native and white communities through an influenza epidemic. Sandlos describes Coyote’s appearance in Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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