The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
particularly of wild animals. This agency undermines anthropocentrism and the
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particularly of wild animals. This agency undermines anthropocentrism and the belief that humans can easily understand, categorize, predict, or represent the alterity of the wild nonhuman presence. If we return to Atwood and Polk’s comparisons between Britain, America and Canada then, we can see that there is little unconquered wilderness in Britain, and in America there is wilderness but it is always seen as conquerable . As Polk asserts, Canadian “attitudes towards the natural world are less confident; much serious Canadian literature seems to express a jittery fear of the wilderness, as a place which threatens human endeavour and self- realization” (Polk 51). Thus, we can now perceive both the anthropocentrism and Eurocentric settler mentality in Polk’s statement. Nonetheless, in anti-anthropocentric Canadian literature, which Polk would probably not deem ‘serious,’ the confusion of recognizing the autonomy, agency, and alterity of wild animals is not necessarily a negative experience. Indeed, at the end of her article, Fisher remarks that novels like Barbara Gowdy’s The White Bone “provide reassuring evidence that there is still something wild out there, something mercifully indifferent to our human concerns” (261). This autonomous ‘wildness’ is to be celebrated. As I have suggested previously, though, all of this is complicated further by the second conc ern I have identified in Fisher’s sense of ‘confusion’—the history of Canada’s fluctuation between exploitation and protection of the natural environment. To return to Loo’s examples above, the beaver is an animal with a presence both ubiquitous and confusing. In beer commercials, or on coins, clothes and postcards, the beaver is used to create Canadian identity; yet the mass slaughter of beavers for the fur trade means that, quite literally, they were used to create Canada itself. In Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: a History of Indian-White Relations in Canada (2001), J.R. Miller explains how the Allmark-Kent 49 hunting of beavers shaped the colonization of Canada: “Without the fur trade there would have been no stimulus of competition to search out new lands, and without the profits to underwrite the voyages there would have been no means to carry o ut the search” (52). The ironies of Canada’s material and imaginative use of animals may best be understood through the beaver: The rodent is Canada’s national animal not because of its earnest industry, but because its pelt was a valuable commodity. When Canadians celebrate the beaver then, they are celebrating the fur trade — and its mass slaughter of wildlife in the name of fashion. (Loo 3) Of course, animals everywhere are used materially and imaginatively in confusing and contradictory ways but, as the beaver demonstrates, this dynamic seems to be exaggerated in Canada. The ambivalence of such attitudes is illustrated again by Atwood. She imagines the fur trade from “the animal point of view” and concludes that, from this perspective, “Canadians are as bad as the slave trade or the Inquisition” (79). She then contrasts this with seemingly contradictory attempts to protect wildlife: “in Canada it is the nation as a whole that joins in animal-salvation campaigns such as the protest over the slaughter of baby seals and the movement to protect the wolf” (79, emphasis added). Again, we see here a claim made on behalf of the nation, but whether accurate or otherwise, she interestingly asserts that anyone would be “mistaken” to see this as “national guilt,” since “it is much more likely that Canadians themselves feel threatened and nearly extinct as a nation” (79). Again, she does not fully explain why this is the case, but such a complicated displacement of anxiety and concern seems unlikely to me. Instead, using Neil S. Forkey’s arguments in Canadians and the Natural Environment to the Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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