The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
Knowing Other Animals
So far I have argued that whilst there is general agreement that “Canadians are fascinated by animals,” (McGregor 192) and that “animals abound in canonical [Canadian] works” (Fiamengo 5), there has been no consensus about how or why. As I have shown, the combined theories of Polk and Atwood are insufficient, yet surprisingly no real alternatives have been offered. I propose here that a solution may well lie in this very inability to answer the question. In her review of Steve Baker’s The Postmodern Animal (2000), Susan Fisher responds to the postmodern troubling of the animal-human divide and its resulting ambivalence by suggesting (perhaps with pride?) that it is not necessarily a new phenomenon : “Canadians, of course, have always been confused by the animals among us —are they victims, friends, predator, prey?” (259). I believe that Fisher’s remark can be used to help us to understand both the abundance of ‘fascinating’ animals in Canadian literature and the inability of literary criticism to explain this presence, but her words must first be expanded upon for a more nuanced understanding. First, we need to consider the sense of proximity in her words. The foreword and introduction to Tina Loo’s States of Nature: Conserving Canada’s Wildlife in the Twentieth Century (2006) demonstrates that Canada’s ‘wilderness’ and ‘wild animals’ cannot be constrained physically or imaginatively; the wild is not ‘out there,’ it is “among us”. Graeme Wynn opens his foreword, aptly titled “Troubles with Nature,” by considering a recent incident in which a coyo te was “seen loping, in the middle of the day, through an old established residential area in Vancouver” (xi). Predictably, the presence of this wild animal —“an intruder, a wild thing that did not belong [...] Its place was far away” (xi, emphasis original)—unsettles notions of human and animal spaces, Allmark-Kent 44 natural and unnatural environments, ‘wild’ and ‘domestic(ated)’. Indeed, he explains that coyotes “have been fairly common in the city of Vancouver since the 1980s,” and bears “sometimes wander from the forests of the North Shore mountains into the wealthy hill- slope suburbs of West Vancouver,” and to the “delight of camera-toting tourists, deer wander the streets of Banff” (xi, xii, xx). The imaginative construction of human spaces as safely enclosed and separate from nature trigger s surprise and confusion when the ‘incongruous’ proximity of ‘the wild’ is suddenly felt. Yet curiously at other times, we choose to impose an exaggerated sense of its proximity, as L oo’s introduction demonstrates. Living in Vancouver, “surrounded by tall buildings,” she notes the irony that postcards do not reflect the reality of the city: Instead of buildings, most feature the word ‘Vancouver’ or ‘Canada’ emblazoned over photographs of Stanley Park and the North Shore mountains, and more incongruously, over portraits of moose, marmot, and beaver —creatures which, despite the city’s considerable diversity, are hardly common sights on the streets. (1) Evidently the legacy of ‘imperial eyes’ continue to shape perceptions of Canada and the belief that what is unique to the country is not people or culture but the natural environment —its wild animals, its abundant resources, its aesthetic beauty. Loo suggests that such postcards are no doubt found in every Canadian city because images of Canada are almost always synonymous with images of ‘wildness’: Wildlife has been emblematic of the country from the days of the fur trade, when beaver pelts were a medium of exchange, to the present, when the ‘proud and noble creature’ sells Molson Canadian beer, emblazons Roots clothing, and can be found burrowed in every pocket and change purse, adorning the country’s coins, along with the caribou, loon, and polar bear. The extent to which wildlife is common currency in Canada is one manifestation of the central place that nature, and Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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