The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
Download 3.36 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
Allmark-KentC
particular species. The Animal as Autonomous In delineating their theory of animal rights, Sue Donaldson and Will Kymlicka provide a useful characterization of wild animals: “those animals who Allmark-Kent 105 avoid humans and human settlement, maintaining a separate and independent existence (insofar as they are able to) in their own shrinking habitats or territories” (156). Whist this does not apply to all the individuals or all the species depicted in the wild animal story, it does emphasize the autonomy of wildness. It indicates an intention, a desire to maintain independence and resist captivity. For most wild animal protagonists, their autonomy is evident in their very existence. Yet Seton ’s and Roberts’ narratives continually reinforce the wild animal’s need for self-determination. Even Seton’s more anthropocentric stories in Wild Animals I Have Known emphasize the wild independence of his semi- domesticated companions. Indeed, the narrative of the captured wild animal who attempts to regain freedom is common in both of their work. For instance, in Seton’s Lives of the Hunted (1901), when Randy, a captive sparrow, is accidentally released from his cage, he escapes through a window and “readily” accepts the “new condition of freedom” (Hunted 133). With little memory of his life before capture, the sparrow is relatively comfortable in captivity. With freedom, however, his quality of life improves dramatically and within a week he is “almost as wild as any of his kin (113). It seems that, given the opportunity, Seton ’s and Roberts’ animals almost always choose independence. In Roberts’ “The Return to the Trails” from Watchers, a bear is captured as a cub and brought up to perform in a circus. He is possessed of a “fierce restlessness” and “vague longing,” which is heightened when a “faint fragrance” that would be “imperceptive to nostrils less sensitive than his” draws down from the “spruce- clad hills” of his home (49-50). Like Randy, the bear reacts as soon as his chain is momentarily unclasped; he knocks down the trainer and is soon back amongst the “spicy glooms of the spruce woods” (51). Allmark-Kent 106 Roberts’ captive animals often struggle for freedom and autonomy, although this is taken a stage further in “The Homesickness of Kehonka.” A goose raised in captivity watches the yearly migrating flocks of his species and feels the urge to join them each time. When his “clipped wing-primaries” eventually begin to re-develop, however, he manages to attain “an inch or so of effective flying web” and forgets “his captivity and clipped wing” (130-2). Inevitably, he struggles to keep pace with the other geese: He would not lag behind. Every force of his body and his brain went into that flight, till his eyes blurred and his heart seemed on the point of bursting. Then, suddenly, with a faint, despairing note, he lurched aside, shot downward, and fell with a great splash into the channel of the Trantramar. With strong wings, and level, unpausing flight, the flock went on to its North without him. (135) It is u nclear whether the force of Kehonka’s determination lies in his decision to join the rest of his species or an instinctual drive to migrate. Both explanations have profound implications for Roberts’ depiction of animal autonomy. Nonetheless, the combination of the tragic narrative and the goose’s desperation offer powerful criticisms of wild animal captivity. Indeed, these stories are highly reminiscent of Henry Salt’s condemnation of the ways in which “we draft [wild animals] from their native haunts, warp the whole purpose of their lives, and degrade them to the level of pets, or curiosities, or labour- saving automatons” (53). When understood in this way, it becomes increasingly difficult to maintain anthropocentric illusions that the animal eventually accepts and prefers their ‘comfortable’ imprisonment. Although these escape narratives can become rather exaggerated at times , the nonhuman individual’s ability to resist and evade their human captors contributes to an impression of nonhuman autonomy that challenges our expectations. Moreover, the individual’s struggle for independence and autonomy epitomizes the wild animal story’s depiction of protagonists who live to satisfy their own needs, rather than those of humans. |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling