The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
Advocacy
In the previous chapter, I demonstrated some of the ways in which efforts to provide advocacy on behalf of wild animals in nineteenth-century Canada were inhibited their perception as ‘natural resources.’ The legal protection of domesticated animals was first put in place to safeguard personal property, the defence of wild animals was shaped by the belief that they were essentially ‘national ‘property.’ As indicated previously, this was reflected in anthropocentric, objectifying representations of wild animals in early Canadian literature. As J. Alexander Burnett observes, Seton ’s and Roberts’ work for animal advocacy helped to replace “the frontier myth of limitless wildlife” in the mind of the public (29). I argue that this defamiliarization is one of the most important techniques any zoocentric text can use for the advocacy of animal ethics. Indeed, I suggest that it was fundamental to Seton ’s and Roberts’ efforts to challenge the portrayal of animals as objects. As indicated by Erica Fudge, however, we continue to dissociate the unique, living animal from the use of its dead body as an object: But there is a possibility of breaking out of this: if, as we put on leather shoes, we begin to think about the animal from which the leather came, and to recognize the kind of stories we tell ourselves to make it acceptable to wear them, then we are, perhaps, beginning to take those stories as just that: stories. From this basis it is possible to begin to seek another way of thinking. (16) The thought process that she describes is essentially one of defamiliarization. Elsewhere in the book she defines defamiliarization (in the case of meat) as “the linking of the meat to the animal that it comes from” (44). This also extends to the language of speciesism —a set of discourses that enable the vastly unequal treatment of animals. In Animal Equality: Language and Liberation (2001), Joan Dunayer explains: Allmark-Kent 112 The way we speak about other animals is inseparable from the way we treat them. Although nonhuman people don’t perceive the disparagement and threat in speciesist words, those words legitimize abuse. By discounting nonhuman sentience, individuality, and worth, speciesist language sanctions cruelty and murder. (9) Thus, we can understand the defamiliarization of speciesism as a challenge to established, anthropocentric perceptions of animals. These perceptions control the labels that we unthinkingly apply to the nonhumans who surround us (food, cute, tool, dangerous, companion, delicious, pest, exotic, decoration, ugly, companion and so on) and that govern our behaviour towards them. The wild animal story characteristics discussed in this section all utilize defamiliarization to challenge anthropocentric and speciesist thinking. Download 3.36 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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