The Wild Animal’s Story: Nonhuman Protagonists in Twentieth-Century Canadian Literature through the Lens of Practical Zoocriticism
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Allmark-KentC
Have Known
: “The life of a wild animal always has a tragic end” (12, emphasis original). Hence, the tragic ends of his protagonists come, inevitably, after a youth being raised; defended; taught how to survive by a diligent parent; then evading capture during adolescence; struggling to find a mate and finally having offspring of their own. It is then, after the individual’s survival seems to have been a success, that an accident, chance encounter, or the tenacity of a determined hunter, abruptly ends his or her life. Indeed this usually happens without warning and without the knowledge of their companions. There are countless examples of such animal biographies in both Seton ’s and Roberts’ work, albeit each with some minor variation. For instance, Seton’s story of “Redruff” follows this structure at first, but the end is unusually tragic: his mate is shot, all but one of his children die whilst trapped in ice and snow. His surviving daughter is then shot by the same hunter who killed her mother, and then Redruff himself is finally caught in a trap set by this man; yet, after being stuck in the trap for two days of pain and agony, it is Allmark-Kent 115 not the hunter who kills him, but a passing owl (Known 343-357). Through such a set of events, it is unsurprising that this was the story in which Seton made the passionate declaration about the rights of wild animals (discussed in another chapter). Likewise, Seton’s once-captive sparrow, Randy, whom I have already mentioned, also suffers an unexpectedly tragic end to his story. After the reader has followed the various struggles and experiences of his life, the sudden, accidental death of Randy’s mate and his own re-capture to become another person’s caged novelty, is shocking. Seton summarizes: “It was an accident that set him free originally. An accident had mated him with Biddy. Their brief life together had been a succession of storms and accidents. An accident had taken her away, and another accident had renewed his cage life” (Hunted 135). It is not the accident that is shocking; it is the way in which anthropocentric behaviour, driven by the belief that wild animals ought to be put to some use, exacerbates the random serendipity of survival in nature. The human’s unthinking erasure of the animal’s biography is instantaneous. In such narratives, the anim al’s abrupt transition from the subject of a life to an object of utility is clear. In some stories, however, Seton and Roberts reinforce the role of animal biographies by allowing the human hunter to recognize his victim (and invariably, the hunters are male). If we return to the female wolf from “Badlands Billy,” whose scent-analysis Seton described, we find just such an encounter. She spends many years learning to evade the increasingly complex attempts of wolvers to collect the bounty on her head, how to avoid guns and traps, and also teaching her young to do the same. Eventually, though, she is caught out by a new tactic: “Never had a trap been so baited before. Never was she so unsuspicious” (Heroes 138). As her biography comes to an end, Seton Allmark-Kent 116 continues to speculate on her perspective, providing a lengthy, rather disturbing, description of her experience of the trap —as indicated by this small extract: “She tore her legs that were held; she gnawed in frenzy at her flank, she chopped off her tail in her madness; she splintered all her teeth on the steel, and filled her bleeding, foaming jaws with clay and sand” (138). When she is eventually found, it is by a man who has spent a long time trying to kill her: The wolver rode up to the sorry, tattered, bleeding She-wolf in the trap. He raised his rifle and soon the struggling stopped. The wolver read the trail and the signs about, and remembering those he had read before, he divined that this was the Wolf with the great Cub —the She-wolf of Sentinel Butte. (140) Although Seton does not depict the man’s reaction to this discovery, the encounter does allow the wolf, momentarily, to become an individual again; a subject of a life, even in death. Roberts employs a similar technique, although he takes it a stage further. In “The Return of the Trails,” the bear who escapes from a circus (discussed above) is later shot by men who encounter him in the wild: The men gathered about the body, praising the shot, praising the prize, praising the reckless audacity which led the beast to rush upon his doom. Then in the long, loose fur that clothed his bones they found the heavy collar. At that they all wondered. The boss examined it minutely, and stood pondering; and the frank pride upon his face gradually died into regret. (Watchers 62, emphasis added) It is only by finding evidence of the animal’s biography, by recognizing him as an individual —“the b’ar that run away from the circus las’ fall [sic]” (62)—that the bear’s transition from subject of a life to object of utility becomes problematic for the men. They were proud of their “prize” before he was identifie d; now, instead, they “regret” their actions, and remember he was known at the circus for being “kind” (62). |
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