Theme: Assessment of the rating of the financial condition of enterprises in the digital economy Contents: Introduction The first chapter. Theoretical basis for evaluating the rating of the financial condition of enterprises in the digital

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL BASIS FOR EVALUATING THE RATING OF THE FINANCIAL CONDITION OF ENTERPRISES IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY
1.1. Basic requirements and sources of financial analysis of enterprises in the digital economy
Financial analysis of enterprises in the digital economy follows similar principles to traditional financial analysis, but it also requires consideration of specific factors related to the digital landscape. Here are the basic requirements and sources of financial analysis for enterprises in the digital economy:
The financial status of enterprises is:
- is a comprehensive concept, which includes a wide system of indicators, which represent the existence, status, location and level of use of financial resources of enterprises;
- it is the result of the movement of all production and economic factors in the activity of enterprises, their interrelationship;
- means that enterprises are provided with financial resources necessary for moderate production, entrepreneurship and other activities and their effective use;
- is a true reflection of the mutual relations of enterprises with other economic entities, bodies and organizations.
The financial situation of enterprises formed under the influence of internal and external factors, along with determining their prospects, affects the financial situation of other organizations and enterprises that are in contact with this enterprise. In general, the basis of the analysis of the production and economic activities of enterprises, including their financial situation, is formed by a whole set of complex economic sciences: economic theory, macro and micro economics, management and marketing, statistics, accounting, auditing, finance, credit, money circulation, etc. is enough. Therefore, analyst specialists-auditors should have extensive economic knowledge.
In the economic literature, as you know, the term "Financial analysis" is used. "Financial analysis" is one form of all economic analysis, the other form is "management analysis". So, in terms of meaning, "Financial analysis" and "Analysis of the financial situation of enterprises" are expressions with different meanings.
Our report is devoted to the analysis of the financial situation of enterprises, but as accepted in the economic literature, the term "Financial analysis" is used in the reports for the sake of brevity. In economic literature The process of analyzing the financial situation of enterprises is also accepted as "Financial analysis". Analysis of the financial situation of enterprises, i.e. financial analysis, is to express the existence, condition, location and level of use of financial resources of enterprises using a wide range of indicators and complex methods.
Financial analysis is a multi-faceted complex process that must be organized and based on a number of requirements. these requirements include:
- to know the relationship between absolute and relative indicators;
- joint use of absolute and relative indicators during financial analysis;
- financial analysis is carried out logically, it is analyzed based on the inductive method;
- the transition from individual events to general events, the transition from one form of the financial situation to the general view, and the deductive method;
- the transition from general events to individual events;
- all used indicators should be determined in the same, reasonable way;
- in the analysis of the financial situation, the indicators of the analyzed enterprise are compared to other enterprises, average industry indicators and advanced enterprises comparison with indicators;
- comprehensiveness of financial analysis and analysis of factors affecting the general financial situation of enterprises;
- preparation of necessary information in advance for effective financial analysis and use of primary accounting data, not limited to the main approved financial sources;
- the financial analysis should be organized objectively, and it should represent the real level of the financial situation of enterprises;
- financial analysis is conducted on time, and based on the results of the analysis, it is possible to implement measures to improve the financial situation in a timely manner;
- the financial analysis should be conducted in a comprehensive manner, and all forms and directions of the financial situation should be expressed in it;
- the financial analysis is timely and accurate, it allows to develop and implement measures aimed at improving the financial situation;
- the analysis of the financial situation should be carried out at such a time that the results of the analysis should provide an opportunity to improve the management of the enterprise by realizing the set goal;
- financial analysis should be based on all the collected and summarized data, using the necessary indicators, the validity of these indicators should be determined in the right ways,
It is clear that the financial analysis is multifaceted, complex and important, so it should be based on several requirements. Based on the above-mentioned requirements, the financial analysis should be focused on performing the following tasks in the analysis of the financial situation of enterprises:
1. Assessment of the financial level of enterprises.
2. Determination of changes in financial status.
3. Analysis of factors affecting the financial situation.
4. Expressing the level of financial status achieved in enterprises, showing the opportunities that have not yet been used in this regard, the available reserves.
5. In order to mobilize the opportunities that have not yet been used in enterprises, to develop recommendations and proposals and to show the conditions for their implementation.
The performed tasks show that the analysis of the financial situation is of great importance in improving the management system being formed in enterprises. Before starting the financial analysis, the objects and subjects of the analysis should be defined. The main object of financial analysis is economic entities, individual enterprises, organizations. But the financial situation can be determined at the level of a group of enterprises, production branches.
The subject of financial analysis is the financial activity of enterprises and organizations, the process of using their financial resources. Considering the purpose of the financial analysis and its direction, the financial analysis can be in different forms, cross-industry, network, enterprise-wide, current and prospective, can be completed quickly. In cross-industry financial analysis, the financial condition of the analyzed enterprises is compared with the average industry indicators, taking into account inter-industry economic relations.
In the financial analysis conducted at the industry level, the financial indicators of the analyzed enterprises are compared with the indicators of other enterprises and advanced enterprises in the same industry. In the period of market relations, as all enterprises and organizations operate independently, the most basic form of financial analysis is the analysis of the financial status of individual enterprises.
In the completed financial analysis, the entire financial situation of the enterprise is analyzed it is possible to analyze individual directions and forms of the financial situation of enterprises fast, analysis should always be continuous in the activity of enterprises. In it, individual indicators of the financial situation are monitored and management measures are developed and implemented depending on their changes. The current financial analysis is conducted on quarterly and half-yearly financial reports, which provides an opportunity to change and improve the financial situation throughout the year. Every operating enterprise should have its own perspective, and these perspective measures should be developed by enterprises. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the perspective of the financial situation of enterprises.
From the point of view of the focus of the financial analysis, the financial analysis can be conducted in the following forms:
- horizontal in the analysis report period financial the situation expressive indicators are compared with the previous period, that is, the dynamics of these indicators is determined;
- in the vertical analysis, the structural structure of the indicators related to the financial situation is studied. For example, the composition of the company's funds or their covering sources during the reporting period and its change compared to the previous period are expressed;
- in the analysis of relative indicators, the relationship between indicators of financial condition is studied. For example, the connection between the company's funds and their sources, the connection between financial resources and their use is represented;
- in the comparative analysis, the financial situation of the enterprise was compared with the financial situation of its separate departments, the financial situation of this enterprise was compared with the financial situation of other enterprises;
Finally, in the analysis of factors, the factors affecting the financial situation of the enterprise are analyzed. In addition, to the forms of financial analysis indicated above, internal and external, financial and management analysis forms are also used in practice.
The internal financial analysis is conducted by the employees of the enterprises, in order to improve the management system and financial situation of these enterprises in the future is held for the purpose of improvement. External financial analysis is conducted not by employees of enterprises, but by employees of bodies and organizations. This analysis can be carried out at the request of enterprises or by external bodies, organizations, and employees of the enterprise as a control.
With the transition to market relations, financial and management analysis is widely used, and these forms of analysis are gaining great importance. Financial analysis is an analysis based on the data of open financial statements of enterprises. As mentioned above, the financial analysis can be carried out by the employees of the enterprises, but since the financial report is open, this analysis is carried out by other external bodies, enterprises and organizations - tax, finance, bank, etc., and the financial condition of the enterprises is evaluated.
Management analysis is conducted directly by enterprises, it is based on both open and closed reporting information, and the results of this analysis are used by the management of enterprises to improve management. since closed data is used in this analysis, this analysis is mainly carried out by the employees of the enterprise, not by external enterprises and bodies, because in the period of market relations, each enterprise has its own accounting policy. Also, there are commercial secrets in its activity, which are expressed not in financial accounts and reports, but in management accounts and reports. Financial and management analysis forms do not negate each other, they are related to each other, but perform different tasks and features. Financial analysis has the following characteristics:
- the results of the financial analysis are open and everyone can use them;
- the subjects of the financial analysis and the composition of the bodies, - - enterprises, organizations that use the results of this analysis are wide;
- financial analysis everyone for adapted, publication done report based on information;
- financial analysis to solve internal management problems of enterprises
will be held;
Financial of analysis the direction is limited to financial statement information, and specific limited tasks are solved in it. These are financial strength, balance sheet liquidity, profit, profitability, etc.
In turn, management analysis is characterized by the following features:
1) closure of the management analysis in order to preserve commercial secrets of the enterprise;
2) there is no limit to the content of the data used during management analysis. In this analysis, in addition to open financial reporting data, primary accounting data, specially organized and collected data are used;
3) in management analysis, there are no limits to the areas of analysis, the indicators used, the tasks to be performed;
4) the results of the management analysis are used for internal purposes and to improve the financial situation.
It can be seen that the analysis of the financial situation of enterprises is carried out on a large scale and for the performance of specific tasks. In addition to the traditional, long-standing methods for analyzing the financial status of enterprises, the methods of statistics, collecting and summarizing data representing the financial status, conducting statistical observations, absolute , it is necessary to use relative, average, dynamic indicators, dynamic series, system of economic indexes, determination of inter-factor correlation relations, table and drawing system.
The methods of analysis in general, especially the methods of analyzing the financial situation, are further improved with the transition to market relations, inter-enterprise comparison, comparison with competitors and advanced enterprises, and the methods of analyzing the future financial situation of enterprises become of great importance.
Financial analysis is a multifaceted complex work, which includes the financial situation formed in enterprises, the conditions and factors that determine its financial situation in a particular direction, opportunities for improving the financial situation of enterprises in the future, reserves, or takes the analysis of directions. therefore, it is necessary to prepare the financial analysis in all respects and then conduct it. therefore, preparing and conducting a financial analysis involves several stages, which are as follows:
- creation of a working program of financial analysis. The purpose and tasks of the analysis are defined in the program;
- determining the composition of those conducting the analysis, that is, compiling a list of analysts;
- collect economic data used for analysis;
- determine the system of indicators used in financial analysis;
- determining methods of calculating financial analysis indicators;
- calculating and summarizing the indicators used in the analysis;
- formation of analysis results in tables and drawings;
- prepare a report as a result of the financial analysis, draw conclusions based on the results of the analysis, and develop recommendations for improving the company's financial situation in the future;
- discussing the results of the financial analysis at a special meeting;
taking into account the results of the discussion on the results of the analysis, of the enterprise developing measures to improve the management system in order to improve the financial situation and expressing them in a special decision of the management of the enterprise.
The level and content of the conducted financial analysis depends on the database used, with the development of economic sciences, improvement of accounting and reports, the database is also improved. Therefore, the data used are the sources of financial analysis. Annual and other reports of enterprises as such sources can be seen.