Theme: Geoffrey Chaucer’s use of personification in his magnum opus " The Canterbury Tales"
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kurs ishi Izzatova a
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Uzbekistan State World Languages University Second Faculty Cource paper Theme: Geoffrey Chaucer’s use of personification in his magnum opus ” The Canterbury Tales”. Scientific advisor: Group: 2119 Mehriddin Itolmasov Name of the student: Izzatova Aziza Geoffrey Chaucer’s use of personification in his magnum opus ” The Canterbury Tales”. Contents:
Introduction MAIN PART
Beowulf, a heroic epic poem written in Old English by an unknown author, is one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literature, dating from the 8th to 10th centuries AD, and has been the subject of much scholarly research, theory, conjecture, and poetry. subject to debate. The story of Beowulf, the main character, fighting the monster Grendel (and Grendel's mother) and an unnamed dragon. The poem begins with the history of the Danish kings, from Schild (whose burial is described in the prologue) to the reign of Schild's great-grandson, the current King Hrothgar. Hrothgar is loved by the people and successful in war He built a sumptuous hall called a herot (or herot) to accommodate his vast army, and when the hall was completed, Danish soldiers gathered under its roof to celebrate. Grendel, a monster in human form who lives at the bottom of a nearby swamp, provoked by the chants and commotion of Hrothgar's followers, appears in the hall late one night and kills thirty sleeping warriors. For twelve years, the fear of Grendel's potential wrath casts a shadow over Danes' life. Hrothgar and his advisors can't come up with a way to appease the monster's wrath. His Beowulf, Prince of the Geats, hears Hrothgar's troubles, gathers his fourteen bravest warriors and sets sail from his home in southern Sweden Geats is made a member of his Hrothgar court, and Beowulf boasts of the king's past accomplishments as a warrior, especially his successes in fighting sea monsters Hrothgar welcomes the Geats' arrival and hopes that Beowulf will live up to his reputation At a banquet following Beowulf's arrival, the Danish soldier Anfirth expresses doubts about Beowulf's past accomplishments, and Beowulf accuses Anfirth of killing his brother. Before retreating into the night, Hrothgar promises Beowulf a great treasure if he succeeds in defeating the monster. That night, Grendel appears in Heroth, and Beowulf literally wrestles the monster with his bare hands. He rips the monster's arm off his shoulder, but Grendel escapes and quickly dies at the bottom of the snake-infested swamp where he and his mother live.The Danish warriors who fled the hall in terror returns to sing a song of Beowulf's victory and act out a heroic tale in Beowulf's honor. Hrothgar gives his Beowulf great treasures, and after another feast the Geats and Danes warriors retire for the night However, unbeknownst to the warriors, Grendel's mother plots revenge for her son's death kidnap the Seizing the opportunity, Beowulf dives to the bottom of the lake, offering to find and destroy the monster's dwelling. He and his men follow the monster's tracks to a cliff overlooking the lake where Grendel's mother lives, where they see Esher's bloody head floating on the lake's surface. Beowulf prepared for battle and asked Hrothgar to look after his warriors and send the treasure to his uncle King Higglak if he did not return safely During the ensuing battle, Grendel's mother carries Beowulf to an underwater house, but Beowulf eventually kills the monster with a magical sword in the wall of the house. cut off and return to shore. Gates and the Danish warriors celebrated with anticipation, and Beowulf wiped Denmark of the evil monster race. They return to Hrothgar's court, where the Danish king is justly grateful, but Beowulf warns them of the dangers of pride and the ephemerality of fame and power The Danes and Goetz prepare a big feast to celebrate the monster's death, and the next morning Goetz rushes to their boat to begin the journey home Beowulf bids farewell to his Hrothgar and tells the old king that if the Danes ever need help again, they will gladly come to their aid. Hrothgar gifts Beowulf even more treasures and they embrace emotionally like his father and son. Beowulf and Jeet return home, and after telling the story of Grendel's battle with Grendel's mother, Beowulf tells King Higrak of Jeet about the feud between Denmark and their nemesis, the Hatbirds. He describes a peace plan in which Rothgar will hand over his daughter Fleu to King Ingeld of Hatbard, but predicts that the peace will not last long , give a sword, a house. In the second part of the poem, set many years later, Higlac is dead and Beowulf was King of The Geats for some fifty years One day, a thief steals a jeweled goblet from a sleeping dragon, who flies through the night to avenge the loss, burning houses, including Beowulf's own hall and throne Beowulf vows to go to the cave where the dragon lives and destroy it alone. But he is now an old man and his strength is not as great as when he fought Grendel.During the battle, Beowulf broke his sword at the dragon's side, and the enraged dragon engulfed Beowulf in flames and cut off his neck injured. All of Beowulf's followers flee, except for Wiglaf, who runs through the flames to rescue the old warrior Wiglaf stabs the dragon with his sword, and Beowulf, in a final act of courage, slices the dragon in half with his knife. However, the damage was done, and Beowulf, having fought the final battle, found himself dying. He asks his Wiglaf to take him to the Dragon's hoard of treasure, gems and gold. He commissioned Wiglaf to build a tomb at the edge of the sea, said to be known as Beowulf's Tower. After Beowulf dies, Wiglaf warns the army that abandoned its leader while its leader fought the dragon, telling them that they had failed the standards of valor, bravery, and loyalty taught by Beowulf. Wiglaf sends a messenger to his camp of Geat soldiers nearby, instructing them to report the outcome of the battle The Messenger predicts that now that their great king is dead, the Geats' enemies will be free to attack them. Wiglaf oversees the construction of Beowulf's firewood. By Beowulf's instructions, the dragon's treasure is buried with its ashes in the tomb, and the poem ends as it began with the burial of the great warrior. "Beowulf" is the oldest written epic poem in English, but its date is not known with certainty (the best estimate is the 8th century AD, and certainly earlier than the early 11th century AD. ). The author is also unknown, raising a question that has puzzled readers for centuries It is believed to have been communicated to readers and listeners, or written down at the request of the desired king to hear again. Due to the unified structure of the poem, in which historical information and the main narrative flow are interwoven, the poem has two distinct parts, and although some scholars believe the sections take place in the It was probably written by one person. Denmark and Denmark His play section which takes place in his Beowulf homeland was written by different authors. It is written in a dialect known as Old English (also known as Anglo-Saxon), and this dialect came into existence around the beginning of the 6th century AD following the Roman occupation and the growing influence of Christianity. It is a dialect that has become a language.Old English is a highly accented language, so different from Modern English that it is almost unrecognizable, and its poetry is known for its emphasis on alliteration and rhythm Each line of "Beowulf" is divided into two distinct semi-lines (each containing at least his four syllables), separated by pauses and joined by tone repetitions. Old English poetry has few lines that end in rhyme in the traditional sense, but the alliteration nature of poetry gives it music and rhythm. Poets also use a stylistic device called a "kenning". This is a way of naming people or things using phrases that indicate the nature of the person or thing (for example, a warrior might be described as 'the man in the helmet'). ). Another characteristic of the poet's style is the use of litotes, an understatement with an often negative connotation, intended to create a sense of irony. Most of the time, the characters just give speeches and have no actual dialogue. However, the story keeps moving quickly by jumping from one event to another Similar to the use of flashbacks in modern films and novels, there is the use of historical digressions, and this entanglement of present and past events is an important structural device Poets also sometimes change points of view mid-action to provide multiple points of view (for example, to show the reactions of the warriors they watch as spectators in nearly every battle). Part of the epic tradition that began with the poems of Homer and Virgil, "Beowulf" is about the events and deeds of brave men, but like its classical counterpart, it chronologically spans an entire life from beginning to end No attempt is made to represent them in order. It also acts as a kind of narrative that connects the past, present and future in a uniquely overarching way It's not a simple story about a man slaying monsters and dragons, it's a grand vision of human history. As in the early classical epics of Greece and Rome, the characters are generally realistically portrayed, although in some cases the poet sees fit. Poets often let the actions of their characters speak for themselves, although they sometimes use an objective tone to make judgments. Like the classical tradition of epic poetry, the poem deals with human values and moral choices. Characters can perform great deeds, but conversely, they can also suffer severely for their deeds. The poet tries to some extent to reconcile the "human" and "heroic" aspects of Beowulf's character. Said to be bigger and stronger than anyone else in the world, and clearly demanding immediate respect and attention, he is courteous, patient, and diplomatic, with the rigor and severity of an excellent intimidating hero. He's portrayed in a unique way that lacks coldness. Beowulf may act selflessly, guided by the code of ethics and the intuitive understanding of others, but part of him still has no real idea why he acts the way he does. Do not have. Fame and wealth are certainly among his motivations, as are practical considerations such as his desire to pay off his father's debts. He doesn't seem to have much desire to become King of the Geats, and when first offered the throne, he declined, preferring to play the role of a warrior's son. seems utterly unsure whether his success was due to his own power or to the help of God, and has been reinforced by several spiritual feats that elevate him beyond the level of mere heroic figure It points out the conflict. The Danish King Hrothgar is perhaps the most human character in the poem and perhaps the most easily identifiable. Though he appears clever, he also lacks the courage expected of a great warrior-king, and age clearly robs him of the strength to act decisively.After Beowulf kills Grendel's mother , much worried and fatherly, Hrothgar sets aside Beowulf, beware of the evils of malice and pride, and advises him to use his powers for the benefit of others. As Beowulf leaves Denmark, Hrothgar hugs and kisses the young warrior and sheds tears to show that he is not afraid to express his feelings.To commemorate his deeds forever The display of modest vanity by the old king in building the vast Hall of Heroth was perhaps his only real mistake, and it was this display of pride or vanity that first caught Grendel's attention, A whole tragedy in progress. Wiglaf's appearance in the second part of the poem is important to the overall structure of the poem, despite playing a relatively minor role. , represents the young warrior who later in the poem helps the aged King Beowulf fight the dragon. He is a perfect example of the idea of 'comitatus', a warrior's loyalty to his leader, and while all his fellow warriors flee in fear of the dragon, only Wiglaf comes to his king's aid. As such, he is an example of self-control and is determined to do what he sees fit. The monster Grendel is an extreme example of evil and corruption, possessing no human emotions other than hatred and bitterness towards humanity. However, unlike humans, who can contain elements of both good and evil, there seems to be no way to turn Grendel into good. It also represents disorder and chaos, which is a projection. The main theme of the poem is the conflict between good and evil, most clearly illustrated by the physical conflict between Beowulf and Grendel But good and evil are also not presented in the poem as mutually exclusive opposites, but as dual natures that exist in each. It makes clear that we need a code of ethics that allows us to treat each other with respect. Another problem is youth and old age. In the first part, Beowulf is a young and daring prince, in contrast to Hrothgar, a wise but old king In the second part, Beowulf, an old and brave warrior, pits himself against his younger underling, Wigraf. In a sense, "Beowulf" is a combination of two traditions, the ancient pagan tradition (exemplified by the virtue of courage in war and the acceptance of feuds between men and nations as a fact of life) and the Christian religion. represents a link between the new traditions of Perhaps a Christian, the poet prefers not to comment on Beowulf's pagan burial ceremonies, but makes clear that idolatry poses a distinct threat to Christianity. Beowulf's own character is clearly unconcerned with Christian virtues such as meekness and poverty and wants to help people in a Christian way, but his motives are complex. Hrothgar is perhaps the character least accustomed to ancient pagan traditions, and some readers see him as the model for the "Old Testament" king of the Bible. The only manuscript of Beowulf dates from around 1000 The handwriting indicates that it was written by two different people It is unknown if the writers embellished or altered the original story. The manuscript's first known owner was the 16th-century scholar Lawrence Nowell In the 17th century Robert the Bruce became part of his Cotton Collection and is known as Cotton His Vitellius A.XV The manuscript is now in the British Library, but a fire in 1731 damaged it beyond repair. The first transcription of this poem was made in 1818 by the Icelandic scholar Grimurjonsson his Torkelin. As the manuscript continues to deteriorate, Thorkelin's version is highly regarded, but its accuracy has been questioned. In 1845 the pages of the manuscript were attached to a paper frame to protect it from further damage This protected the page, but also covered some of the letters on the edges In 1993, the British Library launched the Electronic Beowulf Project Hidden characters were revealed when an electronic image of the manuscript was created using special infrared and ultraviolet illumination techniques. Originally written in Old English, the poem was first translated into Latin by Thorkelin in connection with his 1818 arrangement. Two years later Nikolai Grundtvig produced the first translation into modern Danish The first translation into modern English was made by J.M. Kemble in 1837 Overall, the epic has been translated into an estimated 65 languages. Since then, there have been many modern English translations Francis B Gummere's 1919 edition of his is out of copyright and is freely available on several websites Many recent translations are available today, both in prose and poetry. Great epics often have brave heroes Looking at the stats (strengths) of these heroes, we can see that while their respective stats are strong, they are perceived as weak and vulnerable They made a mistake in life. But these mistakes did not undermine their achievements, but only increased their prestige.Beowulf makes this poem a great epic In the story, good and evil fight and destroy each other Goodness is shown by God We can see Beowulf begging the gods for power to strengthen him in battle Evil is defeated by good But evil remains good for a long time The battle between good and evil is one of the main conflicts in the poem Beowulf, and ultimately both Grendels (Beowulf's first opponents) killed many before meeting his match They consume innocent people and pollute the law. But Beowulf, believing that God himself was with him, helped people in their time of need. In poetry, Wyrd or Destiny is the most important belief Beowulf is pagan poetry and this wyrd is pagan faith. Grendel is portrayed as an antagonist and an evil villain This battle between good and evil makes the poem a great epic. 1.2 Geoffrey Chauser and his contribution in Anglo- Saxon literature Geoffrey Chaucer is one of Britain's greatest poets. Geoffrey Chaucer (1340 – 25 October – 1400) was an English poet, writer and civil servant best known for The Canterbury Tales. He has been called the "Father of English Literature" or the "Father of English Poetry".
enjoyed today. On the contrary, Chaucer continues to be as fresh and enjoyable as when he lived and wrote . Chaucer is called the father of English poetry Edward Albert called him ``the great early part of the modern era.'' Chaucer stood at the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern era. He was called ``the dawning star of the Renaissance.'' His poetry reflects the spirit of the Middle Ages. He also reflects the Italian Renaissance The Renaissance was first felt in England during his time. Chaucer was hailed as a hidden genius for the next 150 years. he wasn't much. About 170 years later, Edmund Spencer, who is considered a poet's poet, was born. In fact, today, even though five centuries have passed, we enjoy it with the same enthusiasm...but English has changed radically in that time. He stands head and shoulders above his contemporaries and followers and the 'father of English poetry. Chaucer's modernism is best reflected in his realism It reflects real life in England at the time. He began his career in the tradition of courtly love, allegory and dramatic poetry However, he soon abandoned this tradition and turned to the life and people of his time. In The Canterbury Tales, he comes to himself. His prologue to The Canterbury Tales epitomizes 14th-century England With great power and realism he painted the life and people of his time. His realism is nowhere better represented than in his character drawings. In this regard, A.C Ward: "Chaucer is the first great character his painter." With a few deft touches, he brings the character to life. They are both individuals and types His 29 pilgrims are vivid representations of the various classes, ethnicities and occupations of the time. He does not describe his time in fragments, but as a whole. Chaucer rejected the tradition of medieval poetry. He broke away from the religious influences of the Middle Ages. Church ideas and medieval spiritual practices were the defining factors of his time. But his influence is broken by the spirit of the Italian Renaissance. He is the "morning star of the Renaissance". His face and worldly spirit are first expressed in our English poetry through him He loves humanity with all its flaws. He is openly happy about the good things in his life. He takes an interest in his fellow humans and enjoys their company He will not be defeated by wicked men, fools, and scoundrels. He is aware of the corruption of the church But he is nowhere near as strong as his great contemporary, Langland. His broad empathy, gentle humanity, and tolerance made him one of the first great modern men. Chaucer is the first true humorist in English literature. His humor is a display of joie de vivre and great empathy and tolerance. Humor is the life and soul of his work. His humor is as versatile and ubiquitous as Shakespeare or Dickens. At the touch of human folly or malice, his eyes glow with a cheerful glow. He has the ability to laugh even at his own expense He never violently attacks stupidity or vice, but he watches and even smiles. He is Britain's first great modern humorist. Chaucer was Britain's first great national poet. He became the founder of modern English poetry. For he was free from foreign influence. He used his native language as a medium for his art. However, Gower used Latin and French. Chaucer focused his energies on developing his native language. he made it a suitable medium for literary expression. All others of his age were local or provincial, but he alone is national.He gave English a modern lightness, smoothness, flexibility and suppleness. He imbued it with a high poetic life He is undoubtedly the man Spencer called him "The well of English undefiled". Chaucer is one of Britain's most musical poets His English looks very different at first However, with a little effort and patience, it's easy to master. He struck out a modern tone by completely abandoning Old English ragged serifs and alliterations. He adopted the French method of regular prosody and final prosody. He ditched complex nutritional forms For the first time in his poetry he achieved a union of simplicity and freedom. Such bindings are characteristic of modern English poetry. He introduced the heroic couplet into English poetry.He invented the lime royal. Chaucer did not invent his own story .Like Shakespeare He borrowed them from classical, Italian, French, or English sources. But he made them all his own through storytelling. To that extent. He is the best poetry narrator. He has more narrative unity than any of his contemporaries Due to his excellent storytelling, many refer to him as the father of the English novel His Canterbury Tales are a great many miniature novels. They are only translated into prose and become many modern novels. You can now see specific Chaucer limits. He represents the growth of intellect and the accompanying weakening of passion and imagination His poetry lacks lyricism, as the lyrics are a mixture of imagination and passion. Matthew Arnold found that Chaucer wanted grandeur and seriousness. Therefore, he did not consider it a great classic. However we can say that Chaucer's poetry has some limitations He may not be a first-rate poet. He must not take moral and philosophical guidance from him. He must not face the highest tragedies and the highest sorrows. However, we derive a great deal of the joie de vivre from him, and feel a refreshing joy in nature and all the beautiful things in life Thus, his position as the father of English poetry is unshakable. He is a realist and a humorist. He is a master of characterization His rejection of medieval conventions and his contributions to English and poetry made him "the earliest of the great modern men". Stepping into his world is as relaxing as Spencer or Shakespeare We feel the same when we study the great luminaries of contemporary English literature In fact, Chaucer is a contemporary that can be enjoyed with complete ease by the modern reader.He is certainly one of the few great poets in the world. The period from 1343 to 1450 is known as the Chaucer Age. It marked the first significant literary era in English literature It ushered in a new era of learning Chaucer's old age also witnessed many social, political and religious challenges. All of these represented a transition from a feudal social structure to a free society, where men and women were able to exercise their personal whims and fantasies without fear of condemnation. There is a transition from medieval to modern. Geoffrey Chaucer was the star of the night in the former and the rising sun in the latter. Another important event he had during this period was the Black Death, which affected his third of the country's population This has affected various social dynamics, such as restrictions on jobs and employable bodies. The East Midland dialect has become a recognized form of standardized English This language saw great achievement and expression in Chaucer's masterpieces. French and Latin had less influence on the language of the time. Chaucer's use of language to describe the man and his place is embellished with beauty, simplicity, and humor. There is a renewed interest in public affairs There are themes of romance, especially Chaucer's ridicule. Drama plays a leading role. The dominance of historical allegory and medieval romance was abandoned in favor of more humane themes. It was a time of poverty, riots and rebellions, but also of great social and intellectual movements. There was a plague called the Black Death, and a scientific temperament and research had developed. Chaucer's time marked the birth of English poetry. During Chaucer's time, poetry continued to thrive and occupy an unprecedented position The most famous poets of this period were Chaucer, John Gower and William Langland. Spencer had no poetic language before that era, so he became the father of poetic language. Poetry saw a fusion of religion, humanism and secular passions. Known as the first English writer, Chaucer wrote in English at a time when Latin was considered the grammar, or unchanging language, and most upper-class English speakers spoke French Chaucer himself often used French translations of Latin texts. His choice of the language of the lower-class Saxons rather than the Norman nobility has puzzled readers and scholars for centuries. Chaucer wrote many works, some of which were unfinished, such as The Canterbury Tales (c.1375-1400). He pioneered many famous "modern" novel techniques, including those involving psychologically complex characters. Many claim that Troilus and Chrysade is the first English novel. The reason is that the hero always acts on his two levels of verbal and intellectual response. All of Chaucer's works are sophisticated meditations on language and artistry. Leaving a medieval worldview dominated by allegory, Chaucer developed a model of language and fiction that relied on obfuscation rather than communication and theological interpretation Indeed, in his early works Chaucer, far from the self-portraits of The Duchess (c. 1368-1369) or the House of Fame (c. 1378-1381), portrayed the innocent, overweight man by a clever criminal. misrepresenting himself as a bookworm of A businessman and socialite, he was actually a climber. Chaucer's first major work, The Book of the Duchess, is an elegy lamenting the death of Blanche, first wife of John of Gaunt. The poem is full of traditional French flourishes, but originality centers around the relationship between the narrator, a fictional version of the poet, and the mourner, a man in black who represents Gaunt Chaucer uses naive narrators in both The Book of the Duchess and The House of Fame. The House of Fame uses a comic version of Dante and Virgil's leader-narrator relationship in The Commedia The Talkative Eagle leads the naive 'Chaucer', just as the naive Dante is led by the Talkative Virgil.The Eagle brings 'Chaucer' to the House of Fame. Here Chaucer appeals to the primacy of history to great effect in The Canterbury Tales Hall of Fame residents are asked if they want to be a great lover or to be remembered as a great lover, and all choose the latter. History is more important than reality. Although it is difficult to date Chaucer's work, scholars generally agree that his dream-vision poem The Parliament of Birds (circa We assume it to be his third work, as it is not a clear and marked change of form. : he begins to use his seven-line pentameter stanza, which he uses in Troilus and Criseide (circa1382-1386). The parliament of birds is an allegorical indictment of courtly love with birds corresponding to social classes: game birds (eagles, hawks) represent nobility, worm eaters (cuckoos) commoners, waterfowl traders, seed eaters. Represents a person (tortoise). Dove) is an agricultural profit. Each class is given a unique voice In "Parliament of the Birds", Chaucer explored a theme that permeated his later work: the conflict between nature and courtly love permeates Troilus and Criseide, and all the characters of the birds and the different social classes. Voice experiments foreshadow the Canterbury Tales. His final poem, The Complaint to his Purse, is a letter to King Henry asking for money It is very likely that in the last years of his life he constantly begged for money from the king, whoever he was. Poetry or its connection to the Lancastrians must have worked, as Chaucer was given a sizeable pension by Henry Nevertheless, Chaucer moved into a house near Westminster Abbey. Because the house on the church grounds gave him refuge from his creditors The fact of Chaucer's debts gave rise to the tradition of burying the poet in Westminster Abbey or erecting a memorial to him. Chaucer died in 1400, the year after Henry ascended to the throne and also the year after the death of the king's father, John of Gaunt. Chaucer was buried in Westminster Abbey, largely because his last residence was on the abbey grounds He was considered to be such an important poet that the space around his tomb was later called the Poets' Corner, and prominent figures in British writing were placed around him. Geoffrey Chaucer was considered a prominent English poet of the Middle Ages and was well versed in other languages. In fact, he translated two of his highly influential works from Latin and Old French into Middle English He wasn't the only one to write poetry in English, but he was very influential in popularizing the English language from languages other than those considered "vulgar". His poetry (he wrote many French poems), which reflected Latin, Italian and French sources, evolved into the poems he wrote for The Canterbury Tales His reinterpretation of French, Latin and Italian sources, and his treatment of secular and religious allegories in his delightful tales, bring a decidedly new seriousness to the English slang of the Canterbury Tales. This is why Chaucer, who brought legitimacy to spoken English. When the dominant literary languages were Latin and French, is somewhat erroneously called "The father of English poetry". Chaucer made a powerful contribution to the formation of English literature by publishing The Canterbury Tales in English. In English, Chaucer realistically shaped the language of the pilgrims, while realistically caricaturing their manners, creating what would become popular literature among people of the same social class. It brought literature to all classes, not just the elite. 2 The use of personification in Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury tales
Researcher. Muller, Voigt, Pardon. Bath's wife, and many others The diversity of types of society, and the medium of the storytelling competition itself, allowed for the presentation of a collection of very diverse literary genres: religious legend, courtly romance, racy fabliau, saint’s life, allegorical tale, beast fable, medieval sermon, alchemical account, and, at times, mixtures of these genres While the narrative and connections together provide a complex account of the pilgrim, the narrative simultaneously provides two notable examples of short narrative and prose descriptions in poetry. Combining religious purposes with the secular benefits of spring break, the pilgrimage has made it possible to comprehensively consider the relationship between earthly pleasures and vices and spiritual aspirations for the afterlife. The Canterbury Tales consists of the General Prologue, The Knight’s Tale, The Miller’s Tale, The Reeve’s Tale, The Cook’s Tale, The Man of Law’s Tale, The Wife of Bath’s Tale, The Friar’s Tale, The Summoner’s Tale, The Clerk’s Tale, The Merchant’s Tale, The Squire’s Tale, The Franklin’s Tale, The Second Nun’s Tale, The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale, The Physician’s Tale, The Pardoner’s Tale, The Shipman’s Tale, The Prioress’s Tale, The Tale of Sir Thopas, The Tale of Melibeus (in prose), The Monk’s Tale, The Nun’s Priest’s Tale, The Manciple’s Tale, and The Parson’s Tale (in prose), and ends with “Chaucer’s Retraction.” Not all the tales are complete; several contain their own prologues or epilogues. Perhaps influenced by French syllable counts in poetry, Chaucer developed for the Canterbury Tales a series of ten syllables with alternating accents and a regular final rhyme. The Physician's Tale, one of 24 stories in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales. This story is a version of the story told by both the 13th-century Roman historians Livy and Romain de la Rose It is about the lust of the evil judge Appius for the beautiful and chaste Virginia Her judge devises a strategy to possess her and directs her minions to swear in her court that her Virginia was a slave kidnapped by her father. Her father sees through her plot and kills her to protect her honor and delivers her head to Appius Appius ordered his father's execution, but the townspeople rebelled against the judge and put him in prison, where he committed suicide. Parson's Tale, the last of the 24 stories in The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer The story is a long prose sermon on the seven deadly sins Chaucer may have considered this story, rich in devotional references, as a fitting conclusion to the story of the religious pilgrim. After considering the sins of pride, envy, anger, laziness, greed, gluttony, and lust and their remedies, the pastor calls for confession and contentment (that is, atonement through acts such as almsgiving, penance, fasting, etc.). The Canterbury Tales significantly updates this model. Far from being noble, Chaucer's storytellers straddle the middle-class spectrum, from knights to pardoners to magicians. And the stories aren't told in the order you'd expect - from highest-ranking pilgrim to lowest-ranking pilgrim. Instead, each character uses their story as a weapon or tool to return to or even merge with the previous storyteller. Each story spawns the next as Miller establishes the principle of "give up." Reeve (who was a carpenter when he was younger), who is upset because The Miller's Tale is about a betrayed carpenter, tells a story about a betrayed miller, but he says his daughter dropped a flower. Even after being beaten... Like many stories, subtle class differences become the focal point of the story. Chaucer's refusal to traditionally end his story is typical of the way he deals with stories he knows so well. He wants both, and constantly reminds his readers of that . For example, in The Nun Priest's Tale, he opposed the allegorical reading of the tale, arguing both "My story is the cook's tale" and "Take the fruit and keep the chaff quiet". I'm here. In many of these stories there is an important device of Chaucerism at work. It's a false syllogism based on movement from the concrete to the general and back to the concrete. Every time Chaucer quotes a list of examples, he addresses this disconnect between the general and the concrete. When Chaucer struggled with the impossibility of completing the Canterbury Tales according to his original plan, 120 stories were told by each of the 30 pilgrims (in the Middle Ages there were many systems based on the 12). (120 is 100 of The Decameron) - he started thinking about what it would be like to finish an act of storytelling In the Canterbury Tales, in addition to several unfinished tales (Cook, Squire's Tales), there are two tales interrupted by other pilgrims: Chaucer's own Tales of Lord Topas and The Friars' Tales. story. In dealing with these narratives, Chaucer addresses issues important to today's narrative and literary theory, particularly those related to closure. In other words, Chaucer worries about what the story means and what the story is. Considering the implication that a fictional narrator tells a story whose primary purpose is ("whole") retribution against another narrator, Chaucer is clearly a modern and even postmodern fiction. There is much speculation as to why Chaucer left The Canterbury Tales unfinished One theory is that he stopped writing them in the mid-1390s, about five or six years before his death The enormity of the task may have overwhelmed him Although he had been working on The Canterbury Tales for over ten years, he had not achieved a quarter of his original plan Perhaps he felt that he could not balance his time well between his writing and business interests Chaucer himself provides an explanation in the final of the Canterbury Tales, the "Retraction" that follows Parsons' Tales In it, Chaucer apologetically denies all his ungodly works, especially "The Canterbury Tales Tthilke that sowen into synne."here has been some speculation about the "Retraction": some believed that Chaucer, in ill health, confessed his own unfaithfulness, while others believed that the "setback" was simply a convention, and that Chaucer was humble. Some believe it to be an attitude favored in the Middle Ages became. If the reader is to take Chaucer at his word, he seems to be implying that his work is misunderstood and that people confuse the sinful behavior of The Canterbury Tales with their message. All separate stories in The Canterbury Tales are written in English with a generic prologue. In Chaucer's time there were few poems written in English, even in England Most written works were in French, the language of the court, or Latin, the language of the church Chaucer himself was probably fluent in both languages, but he chose to write in English His aim was to produce literature in the language most English people actually speak, and to demonstrate that his own language was as poetic and expressive as any other Thus, like other works by Chaucer, The Canterbury Tales is written in Middle English. The language is somewhat different from modern English today, but distinctly different from French and Latin. Main Themes of The Canterbury Tales Social satire: The Canterbury Tales is a satire on the society of the time The author describes his three pillars of church, nobility and peasants, and their corruption and declining morality Chaucer includes all the characters of society: knights, squires, ladies of Bath, nuns, monks and cooks. And he proves that each character is most likely to be as honest and devout as they should be It shows that we often poke our noses in fields that have nothing to do with. This satire on society is evident in The Nun's Rooster and Fox story, where Bath's wife shows another facet of social structure when she advances her argument against prevailing religious logic Indeed, a thread of highly thematic satire begins with the priest himself, continues with the monk's hypocrisy, and with religious characters such as the miller and the greedy pardoner. Courtly Love and Lust: The Canterbury Tales presents themes of love and lust through the stories of the Knight, Mirror and Lady of Bath. The knight's tale shows this love for fair women, leading to a duel in which they forget their personal duties while the squires are busy writing poems and ballads in praise of fair women is also true of Bath's wife, who engages in carnal advances, but Miller shows this sensual desire present in a wide variety of people. Religious Corruption: Although mild-mannered and somewhat latent to joking remarks by various characters, Chaucer shares religious criticism with his character. It is done through various characters who show it through their corrupt practices, such as Tsukasa's lewdness. Similarly, the pardoner story depicts the corruption that is prevalent among various religious figures who hoard and withdraw money in exchange for doing their duty. Competition: Competition between different peoples, individuals and professionals is an obvious theme when examining the history of knighthood. both old and young The first group consists of two knights who duel to win the Queen while their squires are busy writing praises of fair ladies. Competing to lead the other storytellers and competing to be in the lead. For example, the miller is too enthusiastic to speak, but the nun also takes the initiative. Christianity: The Canterbury Tales demonstrates the importance of Christianity from the very title, which tells the story over time as the Pilgrims make their way to Canterbury. Thus, although the host names Christian figures, Chaucer also mentions some Christian teachings and themes. Master, monk. However, their stories do not have to depict their duties or occupations. They only talk to show that they are also on board the ride to pass the time during their trip to Canterbury. Class: The themes of The Canterbury Tales class are drawn through a variety of characters drawn from different walks of life, telling stories throughout the journey For example, when Chaucer introduces church characters such as nuns and monks. He also mentioned professionals such as millers, merchants, pawnbrokers, and knights. In fact, these characters present their respective classes and the distinguishing characteristics of their classes, whether they are good or bad. Deception: The theme of deception is important. Several characters emphasize this trait in both their actions and stories. The trader looks rich, but his history shows that he is in debt He is also involved in deception, theft, and selling flour to customers Pardoner's greed also compels him to withdraw money from people, while Bath's wife displays the same character by marrying a different person through deception. Justice and Judgment: The Canterbury Tales shows that justice and judgment are two different things Justice means giving a person what he or she deserves, while judgment means judging a person based on their appearance. The Knight's Tale features a knight whose justice was shown through a duel but, judging by his appearance, a completely different character. The same is true of the merchant, whose story forces the audience to evaluate January's wedding from their perspective. Storytelling: The importance of storytelling lies in the fact that each character, whether religious, professional, or ordinary, must tell a story during their journey. The narrative structure is largely linear, with one story following another, but that's not all. and its structure is clear. It depends on the characters rather than on general themes or morals. This idea is reinforced when the miller interrupts after the knight has finished speaking. We get the idea that if the knights go first, everyone tells the story class by class, and the priests follow the knights. It reveals that this structure has been abandoned in favor of narrative exchange. Common themes and perspectives emerge as characters tell their stories, and other characters react to them in their own stories. Finally, Chaucer pays little attention to the course of the journey, the elapsed time of the Pilgrim's journey, or any particular location on the way to Canterbury His historical writing seems to focus primarily on the stories told rather than the pilgrimage itself. 2.2 Personifatication portrayals in The Canterbury Tales The characters are chosen to represent all classes of British society. Upper classes - knights, squires, lawyers, wealthy merchants, Franklin. Clerics — abbots, monks, monks, country chaplains, Oxford clerk, still students. People - Bath's wife, miller, cook, man. They are all outlined in the prologue through a mix of distinctive features and vivid, individual details Chaucer moved the narrator along the route to Canterbury, constantly changing the background and opening up many opportunities for side jobs and personality clashes among the pilgrims.This moving frame brought his It is known to add the III dimension. And the story of the pilgrimage is tied together from start to finish by the keen personality of host Harry Billy. He gives unity to the characters, he directs the storytelling, he invites, he criticizes, he praises, he condemns, but he always sets himself apart. Moreover, nothing is more remarkable about poetry than the close connection between story and prologue. They comment and complement each other punctually. The amount of satire is certainly impressive, and the effect sharp but to put it mildly, is introduced in the character descriptions.Many of the Pilgrims are depicted as abusing their jobs and offices. Human workers are accused of corruption, doctors are hungry for money, Pardner sells sheep bones as relics, and cooks sell stale pies Poetry stories can be divided into groups according to literary genres rather than appearing in manuscripts. The Knight: Chaucer portrayed the knight as an idealized character He is an important and respectable person and everyone respects him A knight is also an aristocrat who fights and fights for God and truth rather than coveting fame and glory He is a victor with a long history of travel. His humility, simplicity and generosity make him a complementary character Despite being a victorious warrior, he remains humble He dresses modestly for the times and is mindful of his duties he is not bound by worldly standard. Miller: The Miller is the epitome of greedy people A description of his physical characteristics says a lot about his personality His broad shoulders, round face, fashionable red beard and short nose reflect shamelessness, corruption and belligerence. Chaucer further emphasizes being unfaithful with the gold thumb of stealing grain and charging him three times the original price He is therefore a wealthy man whose primary concern is to increase his profits. Ironically, Chaucer used the famous saying, "A faithful miller has a golden thumb" to demonstrate his greedy nature He's also a pompous jester who thinks he's superior when he jumps after a knight and tells his story. Reeve. Chaucer's Reeve named Oswald is a slim, short-tempered man Professor Curry gave a scientific interpretation of Reeve's physical characteristics. There is a traditional connection between choleric temperament and thinness In addition, hot-tempered men always have thin tubular legs, which indicates a horny character Chaucers Reeve is also clean shaven. This indicates his inferior position in the social hierarchy Reeve occupies a position halfway between steward or senechal and bailiff. In his youth he was a carpenter. Oswald is the quintessential portrayal of the devious Reeve He has managed his master's account since he was 20 years old and tricks him into funding his own vault. Moreover, he knows all the secrets of the bailiffs and workers and threatens them Therefore, he is feared by all, and no one dares to expose him He is richer than his master and often lends his money This traitorous Reeve lives in a beautiful house on the heath, covered with green trees Reeve rides a farm horse named Scott and wears a long cloak like a monk. Through his portrayal of Reeve, Chaucer emphasizes his deceitful, vicious and reprehensible character. The Wife of Bath.The Wife of Bath is another important character of the tales. Chaucer’s description of her features is sexually suggestive; especially her gap between teeth foreshadows her sensual and lusty nature. A seamstress by trade, the Wife of Bath, has gotten married five times. In both, prologue and as well as the tale, she discusses marriage, virginity and most notably the question of sovereignty. On account of her marriage experiences, she considers herself an expert in marriage counseling. When Chaucer states that she goes on pilgrimage often, it appears that despite her promiscuous nature, she is also a religious woman and loves traveling. Summoner. A summoner was a church official responsible for summoning sinners in church courts Chaucer shows extreme disgust and hatred towards her two characters, the corrupt Summoner and Pardoner He groups them as mutual partners in psychocrime and has Pardner accompany his brother Summoner to sing vulgar songs about lustful love A summoner has disgusting physical features that reflect the unclean state of his soul His fiery red, pimpled cherub face is a direct result of his sinful and lustful activities . His diet is not sober He likes to eat garlic, onions, and green onions, and his health, which he loves wine, gets worse. He suffers from a form of leprosy The summoner has purulent patches on his cheeks, black crusted eyebrows, a sparse beard, and looks very repugnant. No wonder innocent children are afraid of his cruel appearance Chaucer sarcastically agrees with the Chosen, saying that there has never been a more kind scoundrel. The sorcerer allows the sinner to keep his mistress for a year in exchange for a liter of wine.He feels sympathy for such people. Because he himself is probably guilty of the same. The magician is also illiterate and spreads ignorance by getting drunk and repeating a few Latin phrases. The extent of all his knowledge lies in the refrain "Questio quid iuris?". (The question is what is law?) The magician's moral depravity can be seen in his views on excommunication If promised a large bribe, he is always willing to renounce the excommunication of sinners, declaring the purse to be the archdeacon's hell This means that the punishment is not for the sinner's soul, but for the sinner's wallet. This depraved sorcerer threatens gullible sinners with excommunication to extort protection money. At this point, Chaucer speaks frankly, stating that every man should fear the Archdeacon's Anathema, as it will surely kill his soul just as absolution saves it A gluttonous summoner carries a shield made of cake or bread and a flower on his head. A constant tension of moral loathing, anger, and loathing can be seen throughout the Summoner's portraits. ” The Parson The Parson in contrast to the Knight, is a highly regarded character in the prologue in general.He is a patient, virtuous and ideal person However, this exemplary illustration serves as a starting point for understanding the sinful role of fourteenth-century priests. As a full-time clerk, the pastor is undoubtedly a knowledgeable person eager to preach Christian doctrine He is generous enough to help poor parishioners with his meager income Chaucer emphasizes the divine nature of parsons by adding biblical references to shepherds tending their flocks. Chaucer himself says that he has never seen a pious, virtuous, and holy priest like Parson, for there is no contradiction in his words and deeds. He is therefore the best example of a priest. The Merchant. With his fashionable attire, forked beard, and British boots, the businessman represents an up-and-coming middle class. refers to the person He is an expert in lending and borrowing money Also, he never faces a loss in trading. His prowess in handling financial matters is amazing as no one knows he is in debt Chaucer considers him a virtuous man with his own business and commercial tactics. The Plowman. The Plowman is Parson's brother, and he's another ideal character in the general prologue He is a real worker who lives peacefully and helps his neighbors The cultivator does one of the dirtiest jobs he has of filling carts with cow dung, but he never complains He takes great pride in his duty. He upholds true faith in God and serves the church wholeheartedly. Chaucer treats this person with respect because he is different from other peasants who hate the church. The Clerk. Clerk is also an ideal character, a serious student of logic Besides being a pauper with a skinny horse, he wears ordinary clothes. He would rather quench his thirst for knowledge than pursue wealth and glory in his life Unlike the medieval philosophers who knew the tactics of making gold by converting basic materials into gold and silver, Chaucer's clerk is a simple man with no signs of greed It is also a passive participant who speaks. The Sergeant of Law. The Sergeant of Law is an experienced attorney and a highly respected person He often plays the role of judge within the congregation. As a professional attorney, he charges high fees for his work He often appears on the porch of the Paulskirche and consults with his fellow lawyers. Chaucer portrayed him as an expert because no one could criticize his draft legal documents. He is very smart, cautious in conversation, and has a high opinion of himself He always pretends to be busy to show and spread his professionalism. The Pardoner. The Pardoner is a symbol of evil that came from Rome with a bag full of false relics to deceive innocent people He believes that extorting money is possible only by preaching against greed.So he walks around with relics and preaches the evil of money Out of greed he robs many innocent people in the name of religion Ironically, he is not ashamed of his wrongdoings and moral corruption Through his character, Chaucer exposed the moral depravity of religious figures of his time. Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer, author of The Canterbury Tales, also appears in the text as an observer He plays the role of an innocent narrator who deftly tells the Pilgrim's truth. His presence adds realism to the book and gives the sense that the story is not fiction but a true account of one's journey calling. He openly praises noble figures such as knights, scribes, and cultivators, and condemns morally depraved figures such as nuns, pardoners, and reeves. His role is important, and it would have been impossible to introduce any other characters without him. The host. Host Halle Bailey is an innkeeper and story contest proponent. He is also a self-proclaimed judge of stories and an arbitrator of disputes The host did not hesitate to state his opinion, interrupting Chaucer halfway through to complain about his dreadful rhymes, telling the monk that he was tired of his story and might fall off his horse increase. The host also explains in the Doctor's story that a strong drink is necessary after the sadness of the girl's fate, and immediately expresses approval and emotion. Characters are introduced in detail They mostly belong to the middle class. They are carefully selected from all sexes and ranks (from knights to commoners), all flesh and blood distinct, and described from top to bottom They are not just fictional characters. In addition to appearance and visible form, he studies humans themselves. They are introduced in order of rank, so the knight (1st place) appears first, followed by the representative of the church (2nd place). Various figures (rich, middle class, poor) represent the third estate, and Chaucer descends the social ladder of his time Each pilgrim dresses and speaks according to his experience and personality as well as his social status. His eleven of the clergy and his 17 of the civilians, his four soldiers appear. The author is perhaps an example of social change in his time. The decline of feudalism and the emergence of new social classes after the peasant rebellion. Characters are also grouped by relationships. A knight travels with his son and pawn. The priestess is accompanied by her retinue and her three monks. Pilgrims heading to Canterbury flock to the London suburb of Southwark, famous for its taverns and brothels. They are to run to Canterbury The length of time in The Canterbury Tales barely corresponds to the actual duration of the pilgrimage. Conclusion Chaucer seems to be aware of his own prejudices and prejudices, and urges his readers to approach his reporting as honestly as possible His mistakes and additions are unfair and grossly misrepresent the person being described He uses a linear and simple storytelling style with no twists or frills. He keeps his reports as realistic and authentic as possible Naturally, when he tells each individual's story, he freely uses individual traits and quirks as markers to define his narrative style Now the host, owner of the Tabard Inn, arranges dinner for all the pilgrims, which wins everyone's heart. Kind and approachable, he hails them as the best group of pilgrims he has ever met and offers them an innovative sport. He explains why, instead of traveling to Canterbury, through disjointed and unconnected strangers, why not all pilgrims play a game of storytelling. I encourage everyone to tell two stories on the way back and two stories on the way back. This keeps the morale and energy on the journey He suggests being the ultimate judge of story quality. He promises the best speakers a free meal upon their return, with the rest of the group providing funding. The host decided to pay his own travel expenses, provided that if anyone contested his final verdict, that person would pay his travel expenses. increase. The pilgrimage is now an exciting adventure rather than a chastening spiritual quest The next morning, everyone embarks on an adventure. A straw is drawn to determine the order of the storytellers Knights, who are the object of great admiration and universal respect, are allowed to go first He draws short straws and is allowed to tell his story first The rest of the poem describes various stories from pilgrims In the end, not all of them can tell their story, let alone two, the fun group doesn't even make it to Canterbury As it happens, Chaucer did not complete his own masterpiece. Download 116.84 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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