Theme: The main features of the Noun and the Adjectives in the Middle English period Contents: Introduction

2.The main differences between Middle and Modern English nouns
The Old English noun had the grammatical categories of Number and Case. The Southern dialects simplified and rearranged the noun declensions on the basis of stem and gender distinctions. In Early Middle English they employed only four markers - -es, -en, -e, and the root-vowel interchange – plus the bare stem (the zero- inflection) - but distinguished several paradigms. Masculine and Neuter nouns had two declensions, weak and strong, with certain differences between the genders. Masculine nouns took the ending -es in the Nominative, Accusative plural while Neuter nouns had variant forms:
e.g. Masculine fishes –Neuter land/lande/landes
Most Feminine nouns belonged to the weak declensions and were declined like weak Masculine and Neuter nouns. The root-stem declention had mutated vowels in some forms and that vowel interchange was becoming a marker of number rather than case.⁷
In the Midlands and Northern dialects the system of declension was much simplier. There was only one major type of declension and a few traces of other types. The majority of nouns took the endings of Oemasc a-stems: -(e)s in the genitive singular -(e)s in the pl irrespective of case.
Most nouns distinguished two forms: the basic form with the zero ending and the form in –(e)s.
The Old English Gender disappeared together with other distinctive features of the noun declensions
The grammatical category of Case was preserved but underwent profound changes in Early Middle English. The number of cases in the noun paradigm was reduced from four to two in Late Middle English. In the 14^th century the ending –es of the Genitive singular had become almost universal. In the plural the Genitive case had no special marker- it was not distinguished from the common case. Several nouns with a weak plural form in –en or a vowel interchange (oxen, men) added the marker of the Genitive case to these forms.⁸
Number is the most stable of all the nominal categories. The number preserved the formal distinction of two numbers –es was the prevalent marker of nouns in the plural.
Construction With its simplified case-ending system, Middle English is much closer to modern English than its pre-Conquest equivalent.
Nouns Despite losing the slightly more complex system of inflectional endings, Middle English retains two separate noun-ending patterns from Old English. Compare, for example, the early Modern English words "engel" (angel) and "nome" (name):
First and second pronouns survive largely unchanged, with only minor spelling variations. In the third person, the masculine accusative singular became 'him'. The feminine form was replaced by a form of the demonstrative that developed into 'she', but unsteadily—'ho' remains in some areas for a long time. The lack of a strong standard written form between the eleventh and the fifteenth century makes these changes hard to map.⁹
Simplification of noun morphology affected the grammatical categories of the noun in different ways and to a varying degree.
The grammatical category of Case was preserved but underwent profound changes.
2) after a voiceless consonant, e.g. ME bookes [΄bo:kəs] > [bu:ks] > [buks], NE books;
3) after sibilants and affricates [s, z, ∫, t∫, dз] ME dishes [΄di∫əs] > [΄di∫iz], NE dishes.
The Middle English plural ending –en, used as a variant marker with some nouns lost its former productivity, so that in Standard Modern English it is found only in oxen, brethren, and children. The small group of nouns with homonymous forms of number has been further reduced to three exceptions in Modern English: deer, sheep, and swine. The group of former root-stems has survived also only as exceptions: man, tooth and the like.
The declension of nouns in the age of Chaucer, in its main features, was the same as in Modern English. The simplification of noun morphology was on the whole completed. Most nouns distinguished 2 forms: the basic form (with the “zero” ending) and the form in –(e)s. The nouns originally descending from other types of declensions for the most part had joined this major type, which had developed from Masculine a-stems. ¹⁰
Simplification of noun morphology affected the grammatical categories of the noun in different ways and to a varying degree. The Old English Gender , being a classifying feature (and not a grammatical category proper) disappeared together with other distinctive features of the noun declensions. In the 11^th and 12^th c. the gender of nouns was deprived of its main formal support- the weakened and leveled endings of adjectives and adjective pronouns ceased to indicate gender. Semantically gender was associated with the differentiation of sex and therefore the formal grouping into genders was smoothly and naturally superseded by a semantic division into inanimate and animate nouns, with a further subdivision of the latter into males and females. In Chaucer’s time gender is a lexical category, like in Modern English: nouns are referred to as “he” and “she” if they denote human beings, e.g. She wolde wepe, if that she saw a mous ¹¹