Theoretical grammar of english

Part asking, giving having asked, having given
The perfect form is used to present the event as prior to another event (generally prior to the event expressed by the predicate V)
The non-perfect form will be generally used to present the event as non-prior to another event (simultaneous, posterior or referring to no particular time).
Voice.
Active Passive
Inf to ask, to give to be asked, to be given
Ger asking, giving being asked, being given
Part I asking, giving being asked, being given
The active form of the Vl will indicate that the doer of the action is denoted by the S of the sentence, the passive- that the doer is not denoted by the S of the sentence:I wanted to ask him that question; I wanted to be asked that question.
NB! In certain cases the Vl (the Inf or the Ger) though active in form may be passive in Mg. The Inf may indicate it when used as predicative in some traditional contexts: They were not to blame.; The house is to let.
The Ger. will be passive in Mg when used after the Vs want, need, require and the adjective worth: The woodwork needed painting.; He has got one friend worth having.
Aspect.
The cat. of A is built up by 2 aspect forms: continuous and common.
Only one Vl, as was said above. Has the cat. of A- it is the Inf.
Common Continuous
To write, to read to be writing, to be reading
The Cont. form of the Inf. Will generally indicate that the event is presented as temporary, as being in progress at the time of another event or at a definite moment (period).
The Common- will be often used just to name the event without specifying its character or time.
Part. II as was said above has one unalterable form. Consequently, it has no morphological Gr. Cat-es.
When formed from transitive terminative Vs it is generally passive and perfective in Mg.
The answer given by him did not explain his attitude.
When asked he did not know what to say.
When formed from non-terminative transitive Vs it is generally passive but non-perfective.
She is a pleasant girl called Mary.
NB! When formed from non-trans. Vs such as fall, vanish, return, grow (in the Mg of grow up) and a few others Part. II is ACTIVE in Mg.: He is a retired soldier .


18. Word-groups and sentences: basic differences. Classification of word-qroups based on syntactical relations between the members of the word-group:
coordinate, subordinate, pfedicative> cumulative.
Syntax deals with both sentences and word-groups.
Смирницкий: the analysis of sentences ma in problem of syntax, analysis word-groups=secondary, because joining of words into word-groups is only a step, toward making a sentence.
Word-groups Sentences
* not complete (structurally-and semantically) * units of speech (can function as independent utterances)
* can't be used as units of communication