Theoretical grammar of english

Coordination - relation of equality. We find this relation between homogeneous (-однородные) members of the S.
# Peter and Mary went there (subjects to the same predicate)
Peter went there alone and returned late (predicates to the same subj)
We heard their merry happy laughter (attributes to the same noun)
Subordination - relation of inequality btw the components. In this case we have one head-word and modifiers to it. Attributes, objects and adv modifiers stand in subordinate relation to the other components of the S.
# I heard her happy laughter (laughter is the head word)
She was laughing happily (head word - was laughing)
She looked at me attentively (head word - looked)
Cumulation -
# His new coat; Some old letters
his and new (some and old) are subordinated to coat (letters). At the same time "his and new" are related with each other in a certain way. Their position is fixed and can't be changed.
# To give smb smth
To give smth to sb
Apposition -
# Queen Mary
Both Ws are heads and both are also attributes. But the Ws in the apposition are identical in reference. They have the same referent. Usually 2 Nouns have different designations for the same thing or person.
# Mr. Smth the doctor
English is an analytical L. There are several means to form the Gr Str-re of the S:
Agreement is one of the principal means (together with word order) to show the relation between the subject and the predicate. In Eng agreement can be formal or notional. In the majority of cases, it's formal: the subj and the predicate agree in form - in number and sometimes in person.
# I am here
There ARE several CHAIRS
A WOMAN with children WAS there
In some cases, however, the agreement is notional and varies with the same word in accordance with the notion it expresses (one object - more than one object).
# Bread and butter are important foodstuffs
The bread and butter is on the plate.