Theoretical Grammar

1. The classifying function of the indefinite article is realized in 
the so-called classifying utterances. Their invariant sentence pattern is: N + Vbe + N1. Those are: 
a) structures with the verb “to be”, for example: 
This is a computer. 
b)exclamatory sentences beginning with “what” or such. 
e.g. What a long story! He is such a nuisance! 
c) sentences including an adverbial modifier of manner or comparison, for example:
e.g. You look like a rose! She works as a teacher. 
2. The indefinitizing function is realized when the referent of the 
noun is not a real thing, but it exists in the speaker’s imagination only. Those are sentences containing 
modal verbs or verbs with modal meaning, forms of the Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense forms, negative 
and interrogative sentences. 
e.g. I wish I had a home like you do. 
Have you ever seen a living tiger?
3. The introductory function 
Before sharing some information about the object, we need to introduce it to the hearer. Fairy tales can 
be used as ideal illustrations of the use of the indefinite article in its introductory function. 
e.g. Once upon a time there lived an old man. He had a wife and a daughter. He lived in a small 
house.

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4. The quantifying function 
The indefinite article developed from the numeral “one”. The meaning of “oneness” is still preserved 
when the article is used with nouns denoting measure, like “a minute”, “a year” or “a pound”. 
FUNCTIONS OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 
The definite article may be used in the following functions: 
1. The identifying function 
When we speak, we may want to point out to something that both us and the hearer perceive with our 
organs of feeling. There are five different ways of getting the information about something existing in the 
objective reality. We can see it (Do you like the picture?), hear it (I believe, the music is too loud), feel it 
(The pillow is so soft!), smell it (What is the name of the perfume?) or taste it (The soup tastes bitter).