[T, D]
Are articulated with the tip of the tongue slightly projected out between the upper and lower teeth. The tip of the tongue is placed against the edge of the upper teeth to form a flat narrowing, the main part of the tongue being fairly flat and relaxed, while the air passes through the narrowing with friction.
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There is no counterpart in Russian.
In order not to mispronounce these sounds you shouldn’t let the lower lip touch the upper teeth, which is typical of the pronunciation of the sounds [ф, в]
- Keep the tongue right between the teeth.
- The tip of the tongue mustn’t be pressed hard against the upper teeth.
- Keep the tongue tense and flat so as to close the air-passage along the sides of the tongue.
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[s, z]
Are articulated with the tip and blade of the tongue held close to the alveolar ridge. The sides of the blade of the tongue are raised, forming a short and narrow groove-like channel. Thus a round narrowing is formed through which the air passes with friction.
To train [s, z] try to lengthen them.
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[с, з]
A round narrowing is formed by the blade of the tongue against the upper teeth, the tongue tip being lowered and passive.
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[S, Z]
Are articulated with the tip and blade of the tongue and the front of the tongue simultaneously raised. A flat narrowing is formed by the tip and blade of the tongue held close to the back of the alveolar ridge for primary articulation and by front of the tongue raised in the direction of the hard palate for slight palatalization. The air passes through the narrowing with friction. The lips are rounded and slightly protruded.
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