Thesis Project: Power Quality Analysis at Murdoch University eng470: Engineering Honours Thesis
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Power Quality Issue
Standard Harmonics IEEE 519 and AS/NZS 61000 (for Australia and New Zealand) Power and grounding IEEE 1100 Monitoring and definition of electric power quality IEEE 1159 Measurement of electrical quantities under different situations IEEE 1459 Steady state voltage ratings ANSI C84.1 (For America) Electromagnetic compatibility IEC 61000 Voltage disturbance AS/NZS 61000 Voltage disturbance EN 50160 Power Quality Analysis at Murdoch University 28 2.4 Power Quality Monitoring Power quality monitoring (PQM) refers to the process of collection, analysis, and interpretation of raw measurement data about voltages and currents into useful information [63]. PQM is done to quantify the power quality phenomena that occur in a specific site on electric power equipment. It is sometimes conducted to forecast the performance of the load equipment and to choose power quality attenuating systems. In some cases, PQM is performed to identify the incompatibilities between the consumer loads and the supply. In other case, it is done to test the electrical environment at a specific site for the equipment and machinery required [64]. Appropriate monitoring equipment is required to perform power quality monitoring. The input and output interface of the power quality monitoring equipment include; input channels, analogue inputs/outputs, digital inputs and outputs and communication and networks. Power quality monitoring equipment have the following functions [4]: Capture of data by present thresholds. The capture of measured parameters is conducted when a disturbance repeats at set time intervals or goes beyond a present threshold (event logging) with the time intervals and thresholds being set up by the user. Capture of data by self-adjusting thresholds. A steady-state norm is used to set the thresholds by a monitor. Capture of data that is triggered externally. This is a feature provided by most monitors. Manual data capture. A manual trigger function is provided by the most monitor, which is for a snapshot of the present situation. Power Quality Analysis at Murdoch University 29 Time interval recording and data logging. Continuous monitoring of parameters is done using data logging with capture achieved at user established time intervals. Waveform capture. Certain monitors can capture waveforms for voltage and current. They can then be downloaded to a PC or can be viewed by built-in displays. Time synchronization. A radio signal, GPS or an external time signal can use for time synchronization by some power quality monitors. Firmware. New releases of firmware by some monitor manufacturing companies are done periodically. This new firmware is used to improve the existing set of the meter and for correcting errors in metering algorithm without the need for buying new hardware. 2.5 Using Compensating Devices to Improve Power Quality Disturbances 2.5.1 Active and Passive Filters An active filter is an electronic filter device that uses active components such as transistors or operational amplifiers, both of which require an external power source. However, a passive filter does not require an external power source, and it is made from passive elements mostly linear elements such as transformers, inductors, capacitors, and resistors or nonlinear elements or complex linear elements such as transmission lines [43]. A passive filter is a device that is made up of passive elements and therefore requires an external power source for its operation. Passive filters are mainly used for frequencies in the range 100-500 kHz [44]. Filters can be classified into five types based on the transfer function coefficients. These are low pass, high pass, band pass, notch, and all pass [44]. Low pass filter transfer function is [1]: Power Quality Analysis at Murdoch University 30 TF LP (s) = a 0 s 2 + b 1 s+b 0 = Kω P 2 s 2 + ( ω P Q P ) s + ω P 2 (18) Figure 14 below represents the different low pass filter designs and characteristics. High pass filter transfer function is [1]: TF HP (s) = a 2 s 2 s 2 + b 1 s + b 0 = Ks 2 s 2 + ( ω P Q P ) s + ω P 2 (19) Figure 15 below indicates the high pass filter design and characteristics. Figure 14: Passive Low Pass Filter [1] Figure 15: High Pass Filter [1] Power Quality Analysis at Murdoch University 31 Band pass filter transfer function is [1]: TF BP (s) = a 1 s s 2 + b 1 s+b 0 = K ( ω P Q P ) s s 2 + ( ω P Q P ) s + ω P s (20) Notch filter transfer function is [1]: TF N (s) = a 2 s 2 + a 0 s 2 + b 1 s + b 0 = K(s 2 + ω z 2 ) s 2 + ( ω P Q P ) s + ω P 2 (21) All pass filter transfer function is [1]: TF AP (s) = a 2 s 2 + a 1 s + a 0 s 2 + b 1 s + b 0 = K [s 2 − ( ω P Q P ) s + ω P 2 ] s 2 + ( ω P Q P ) s + ω P 2 (22) Active filters can be high pass, low pass, band pass, and notch filters. Passive filters can be only high pass, low pass, and bandpass filters. Active and Passive filters are used in attenuation of frequencies that are not within their cut off points. Consequently, find applications in the load compensating devices, telephone systems for decoding of dual tone, instrumentation, and in data acquisition systems [43]. Table 2 below summarizes the comparison between active and passive filter. Power Quality Analysis at Murdoch University 32 Table 2: Comparison between Active and Passive filter [43] Download 1.28 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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