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The scene of business discourse: analytic advantages
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Discourse and business communication An
The scene of business discourse: analytic advantages
and hazards 1 Business discourse has its roots in the LSP (language for specific pur- poses) studies (Johns, 1986) and even though the last two decades have 1 April 14, 2009 11:52 MAC/RAMS Page-2 9781403_947369_02_cha01 PROOF 2 New Approaches to Discourse and Business Communication seen its detachment from the applied, prescriptive tradition (Louhiala- Salminen, 2002; Bargiela-Chiappini et al., 2007), the amount and diver- sity of research that has accumulated lead to understanding business discourse in necessarily broad terms. Bargiela-Chiappini et al.’s (2007: 3) definition essentializes this perception: ‘Business discourse is all about how people communicate using talk or writing in commercial organiza- tions in order to get their work done’ [italics mine]. Such a broad view of the field, shared indeed by most analysts as well as captured in the aims and scope of the most influential in-field periodicals ( Business Commu- nication Quarterly, Journal of Business Communication, etc.) has its advan- tages and disadvantages – both affecting any further additions to the existing literature. On the one hand, it promotes interdisciplinary and inter-generic dialogue, contributing to the explanatory power of the par- ticular studies within their area of investigation. It produces an incentive to compare and contrast different genres and domains (negotiations, mediations, business meetings, professional presentations, (news) inter- views, document design, business–customer communication, etc.), from a perspective that involves both oral and written modes of communi- cation. Also, it delivers a stimulus to look at a vast array of different ‘business’ organizations, from industry, manufacturers and services, through broadcasting and the media, to schools and hospitals – as long as the analyst deems all of them commercial enterprises. Assuming the commercial denominator, the analyst overrides the rather unclear, and in my view unnecessary, distinction between ‘business and the profes- sions’ (Boden, 1994). Lastly, the ‘all-in’ approach is advantageous when it comes to analysing the power factor underlying the ways in which business people ‘get their work done’. Here, the explanatory power of studies profits substantially from the combination of methods utilized by a number of pragmatics-related schools which consider (business) discourse a social action, an action situated within a broad context of power inequalities, an action reflecting the discourse reality just as much as being constitutive of a new reality, finally, an action aimed at accomplishing the maximum of real-life benefits, at the lowest (social) cost possible. Indeed, many studies in business discourse (Tannen, 1995; Holmes, 2000; Yeung, 2004; Vine, 2004, to name but a few) are, method- ologically, blends of various forms of critical scholarship, most notably critical linguistics (CL; pioneered by Fowler 1979), systemic functional linguistics (SFL; works following the agenda set out in Halliday, 1985) and, most recently, critical discourse analysis (CDA; see e.g. Fairclough, 1995; Wodak and Chilton, 2005). Of course, research in power relations quite naturally invites numerous grounds of comparison (across genres, April 14, 2009 11:52 MAC/RAMS Page-3 9781403_947369_02_cha01 PROOF Piotr Cap 3 across organization types, across modes of communication), thus sub- suming all the analytic stimuli and research avenues discussed above. Altogether then, we arrive at an immense body of theory as well as countless possibilities of linking multiple models/methods with mul- tiple fields of application. This, as I said before, clearly enhances the explanatory power of individual studies within their area of investiga- tion. One can think of, say, an analysis of Burger King’s written job advertisements which is at the same time qualitative from the criti- cal standpoint and quantitative-qualitative according to the document design tradition, which is formally structural and in this sense self- contained but at the same time (indirectly) informed by contrastive research in similar ads placed by McDonald’s or Wendy’s, which draws upon comparison of all the many ways, involving both written and spoken modes of communication, in which the company promotes its image as a reliable and attractive employer. The question remains: to what extent is such a study representative of the genre it addresses and the methods it utilizes? This concern leads to another, more general one. Rich in theoretical and empirical input as such analyses are at the level of each particular domain of inves- tigation, do they really contribute to crystallization of the concept of business discourse, so it could yield an organized agenda for further research? Paradoxically, the prevailing ‘all-in’ approach is opening up new and exciting possibilities of study, while at the same time constrain- ing its scientific validity. Take an example that brings together research data, genre analysis and the intercultural perspective. In the contem- porary world of business organizations, communication often occurs across national borders between people who do not share the same cul- ture. This causes many business discourse analysts working on a generic description of a specific form of business communication (for instance, the business meeting; see e.g. Yamada, 1990, 2002) to collect data from different organizations based in different countries (and cultures), in order to work out a conceptual compromise on the definition, scope and characteristics of the genre (Sarangi and Roberts, 1999). Unfortu- nately, results are often disappointing because access to some of these organizations can be more difficult than to others, let alone confiden- tiality constraints on publishing the data, which differ not only across organization types, but also across countries (Bargiela-Chiappini et al., 2003; Spencer-Oatey and Franklin, 2009). In response to such limita- tions, researchers frequently complement their studies with simulated data (i.e. collected from ‘participants’ in a ‘business setting’, who receive instructions to play a specific role; see e.g. Planken, 2002), but then, April 14, 2009 11:52 MAC/RAMS Page-4 9781403_947369_02_cha01 PROOF 4 Download 72.04 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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