Topic 7: Syntactical Stylistic Devices (Repetition and its types, Enumeration, Polysyndeton, Asyndeton, Chiasmus)

Topic 7: Syntactical Stylistic Devices (Repetition and its types, Enumeration, Polysyndeton, Asyndeton, Chiasmus)
Lexico-Syntactical SDs	Definition	Main peculiarities
Repetition (its types)	As a SD, repetition aims at producing a logical impact (to fix the attention of the reader on the key word of the utterance) on the reader, rather that an emotional impact as an Expressive Means.	If it is used to produce an emotional impact on the reader, it is an EMs, but if it is used to make a logical impact on the listener, it is a SD; It has some types: anaphora (repetition of word or phrase at the beginning of two or more sentences, clauses, phrases) and epiphora (repetition of word or phrase at the end of two or more sentences, clauses, phrases), framing (the initial parts of a syntactical unit, in most cases of a paragraph, are repeated at the end of it), linking or reduplication (anadiplosis) (the last word or phrase of one part of an utterance is repeated at the beginning of the next part), chain repetition (the linking device (in linking type) is used several times), root repetition (repetition of the same root, not the same word) such as youth-young, brute-brutish, synonymical repetition (repetition of the same idea by using synonymous words, phrases)
Enumeration	It is a SD by which separate things, objects, phenomena, properties, actions are named one by one so that they produce a chain, the links of which, being syntactically in the same position (homogeneous parts of speech), are forced to display some kind of semantic homogeneity.	Enumeration may depend on some associations as cause and result, likeness, dissimilarity, sequence, experience, proximity; Enumeration can be heterogeneous; Enumeration as a SD may be a sporadic semantic field; Stylistic functions are polyfunctional.
Polysyndeton	As a SD, it is a device of connecting sentences, phrases, syntagms or words by using connectives (mostly conjunctions and prepositions) before each component part.	Stylistic function is mainly rhythmical;
Asyndeton	It is a connection between parts of a sentence or between sentences without any formal sign.	In this SD, conjunctions are deliberately omitted;
Chiasmus (Reversed parallel construction)	It is a SD which is based on the repetition of a syntactical pattern, but it has a cross order of words and phrases.	It is sometimes achieved by a sudden change from active voice to passive or vice versa.

Hometask: Based on the info on the table and match the types of SDs with their examples.

Note! One SD is extra, you may use some SD several times.

1. For that was it! Ignorant of the long and stealthy march of passion, and of the state to which it had reduced Fleur; ignorant of how Soames had watched her, ignorant of Fleur’s reckless desperation… ignorant of all this, everybody felt aggrieved.

2. Poor doll’s dressmaker! How often so dragged down by hands that should have raised her up; how often so misdirected when losing her way on the eternal road and asking guidance. Poor, little doll’s dressmaker.

3. Freeman and slave…carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden, now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large or in the common ruin of the contending classes.

4. There Harold gazes on a work divine, A blending of all beauties; streams and dells, Fruit, foliage, crag, wood, cornfield, mountain, vine And chiefless castles breathing stern farewells From grey but leafy walls, where Ruin greenly dwells (Byron). Here, associations with natural scenery.

5. The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him in only one respect (Dickens).

6. Soames turned away; he had an utter disinclination for talk, like one standing before an open grave, watching a coffin slowly lowered (Galsworthy).

7. Down dropped the breeze,

The sails dropped down. (Coleridge)

8. The register of his burial was signed by the clergyman, the clerk, the undertaker and the chief mourner. Scrooge signed it. (Dickens)

9. In the days of old men made the manners;

Manners now make men. (Byron)

1. 
   chiasmus; b) anaphora; c) polysyndeton; d) asyndeton; e) enumeration; f) epiphora; g) reduplication; h) framing